Organic Chemistry Unit Test Review PDF

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In depth organized review with diagrams and explanations that I created in order to study for the Academic Grade 12 Organic Chemistry Unit Test. ...

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Organic Chemistry Unit Test Review Organic Compound: Usually contain elements such as Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Functional Group: A portion of a molecule that is a classified group of bound atoms (usually attached to a carbon chain). Saturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon that has the greatest number of hydrogens possible. Alkanes are an example of this. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon that has a reduced number of hydrogens in it’s structure and hydrogens could be added through a chemical reaction. Examples of this are aromatics, alkenes, and alkynes. Isomers: Chemicals with the same molecular formula but different structures. Structural Isomer: Chemicals with the same molecular formula but their atoms are connected in different sequences (bonded differently). Single bond carbon can spin on it’s axis.

3-ethylhexane

octane

Stereoisomer: Chemicals with the same molecular formula that have atoms in the same sequence but differ in their 3D orientation. There are 2 types of stereoisomersdiastereoisomers and and enantiomers. The double bond carbon is locked in place and can’t spin on it’s axis.

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Diastereoisomers: Stereoisomers that can form if a double bond is present. If different chemical groups are bonded to the double bone they will have a different 3D shape. 2 different groups connected to the same carbon (i.e. H and CH3).

(2E/trans)-pent-2-ene

(2Z/cis)-pent-2-ene

Enantiomers: Stereoisomers which are mirror images of each other are present when carbon atoms have 4 different chemical groups bonded to them (chiral carbon). They will have different 3D shapes and can’t be superimposed (put over one another and be same shapes). They always have at least one part that doesn’t work. Must have a chiral carbon.

(R)-3-methylhexane

(S)-3-methylhexane

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Number Name 1 Alkanes: Prefix + ane

Definition Hydrocarbons with single bonds.

Example Pentane:

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Akenes: Prefix + ene

Hydrocarbons with at least one carbon double bond.

Pent-2-ene:

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Alkynes: Prefix + yne

Hydrocarbons that have at least one carbon triple bond.

Pent-2-yne:

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Cyclic Cyclo-prefix(ane, ene, yne)

Carbon compounds in a ring formation.

2-ethyl-1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

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Aromatics: Branch + benzene

Hydrocarbons that contain a ring of carbons sharing electrons between one another (usually off of benzene).

Methylbenzene

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Alcohols: Prefix-an-#-ol

Organic compounds Pental-2-ol containing a hydroxyl group (OH) substituting for hydrogens and they can be prepared by the addition of water molecules to alkenes. There are 3 types of alcohols Benzene-1,2,4-triol (primary, secondary, tertiary).

(R-OH)

Cyclohexane-1,4-diol

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Ethers: #alkoxygroupbranch#branchparent (R-O-R)

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Aldehydes: #-prefix-al =𝑂

(R-C−𝐻)

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Ketones: #-prefix-# (if more than 1)one O II (R – 𝐶 - R)

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Carboxylic Acid: #-prefix-oic acid O II (R – 𝐶 -OH)

Organic compounds 1-ethoxyhexane containing an oxygen atom linking 2 carbon chains, and they can be prepared by reacting two alcohols together. Contains an alkoxy group. Organic compounds 3-methylbutanal containing a carboxyl group (C=O) at the end or their chain and can be prepared by the oxidation of alcohols. Propanal

Organic compounds Octan-3-one with a carboxyl group (C=O) in the middle of their chain. They can also be prepared by the Propan-2-one oxidation of alcohols.

Chemicals with a carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of their chain. They can be prepared by the oxidation of aldehydes.

Pentanoic Acid

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Amines: N/#branchparent#-amine Primary: R-NH2 Secondary: R-NH I RI

Compounds with an Pentan-2-amine (1o) amine group (CNH2, C2NH, C3N) at the end or in the middle of their carbon chain. There are 3 types of amines (primary, secondary, N-ethylethanamine (2o) tertiary). They can be prepared by the substitution of akylhalides (halogen containing alkanes).

Tertiary: R-N-RI I RII

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Esters: Branchprefixparentgroupoate

N-methyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine (3o)

Contain an ester linkage and are formed when an alcohol and organic acid react together.

Ethyl butanoate

Pentyl propanoate

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Amides: Parentbranch prefix-amide

Contain amide/peptide linkages and are formed when an amine and an organic acid react together.

Ethanamide

N-ethylpropanamide

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Polymers: UNKNOWN NAMING

Big Long Boy, you’ll know when Large molecules you see him. made up of linked repeating units. There are 2 types of polymers- polyesters and polyamides.

8 Reactions: 1) Substitution Reactions: • Alkane + Halogen –(UV)-> Halogenated Alkane + By-product • Benzene + Halogen –Fe(Halogen)-> Halogenated Benzene + By-Product

Occurs when a hydrogen from a hydrocarbon is replaced by another type of atom (usually a halogen). Halogens react with alkanes and aromatics in the presence of a catalyst (Fe-Halogen-) or UV light. Common products would contain at least 1 halogen.

9 2) Addition Reactions:

Occur when a chemical (usually halogens, hydrogen, or water) is added to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Double/triple bonds are broken by the reactant being added and the product would then contain the added reactant.

3) Elimination or Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols and Ethers • Producing alkenes from alcohols or ethers from alcohols. • Water is removed from the reactants • Opposite of Addition reaction

10 4) Oxidation (Adding of Oxygen) Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones • Removing hydrogen or adding oxygen

Primary Alcohol- the hydroxyl is bonded to a carbon that’s bonded to only H’s or one C. Secondary Alcohol- the hydroxyl is bonded to a carbon that’s bonded to 2 C’s. Tertiary Alcohol- the hydroxyl is bonded to a carbon that’s bonded to 3 C’s.

11 5) Controlled Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones • Adding hydrogen or removing oxygen

6) Controlled Oxidation of an Aldehyde (Carboxylic Acid Produced) • Aldehyde ---(KMnO4, H+)- carboxylic acid (---ic acid)

12 7) Amine Reactions

Primary Amine:

Secondary Amine:

Tertiary Amine:

13 8) Esterification Reaction (Dehydration) and Hydrolysis • Dehydration: Alcohol + acid ---(heat, H+)- --oate + water

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Hydrolysis: Reverse of Dehydration

9) Amide Reactions • Ammonia + acid ---(heat, H+)- --amide + water • -amine + acid ---(heat, H+)- --amide + water

14 10) Addition Polymers Composed of monomer units and form when the repeating monomer units undergo addition reactions. A monomer unit with have an unsaturated carbon-carbon bondusually a double bond. The reaction is initiated by a highly reactive compound (the initiator). It reacts with a monomer causing it to be more reactive, freeing up electrons to react with other monomers. The monomers continue to bond to each other forming long chains. The formation of these chains is called propagation. Once the reactive ends of 2 chains separate chains come in contact, the reaction terminates.

15 11) Condensation Polymers • Polyesters

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Polyamides

Formed by a series of condensation reactions. Many are created by the formation of dimers (molecules composed of 2 monomer units). The dimers are often produced from the condensation reaction to form an ester or amide. The ends of the dimers for the polyester and polyamide will allow for more condensation reactions to happen with other dimer units, creating long chained polymers. The polymers that contain N-H and O-H bonds also create intermolecular bonds between chains. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding creates a strong attraction between polymer chains and gives the polymer more strength. This is called crosslinking. It’s found in some of the strongest synthetic materials....