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AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

Title of the Study

Factors Predicting Willingness to Share COVID-19 Misinformation

Author of the Study

Emillio J.C. Lobato, Maia Powell, Lace M. K. Padilla, Colin Holbrook

Locale of the Study

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University of California, Merced’s Office of Research and Economic Development on 24 September 2020.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to correct the misinformation about the COVID-19 diseases.

Hypothesis of the Study

The results exhibited that the study indicate a significant effect on understanding how misinformation concerning COVID-19 online.

Effects of COVID-19 on College Students’ Mental Health in the United States: Interview Survey Study

Coping strategies of students for anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: a cross-sectional study

Mohammad Nurunnabi, Syed Far Abid Hossain Hossain, Karuthan Chinna, Sheela Sundarasen, Heba Bakr Khoshaim, Kamilah Kamaludin, Gul Mohammad Baloch, Areej Sukayt, and Xu Shan Participants were recruited from the student Shaanxi province initiated from May population of a large university system in 26 th to June 3 rd, 2020. Texas, United States. This particular university closed all their campuses on March 23, 2020, and held all its classes virtually in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to identify major This study aimed to shed light on the stressors associated with the COVID-19 coping strategies used by university pandemic and to understand their effects on students in China during the COVIDcollege students’ mental health. This paper 19 outbreak. documents the findings from online interview surveys conducted in a large university system in Texas. The overall results indicate a significant The overall findings of the study effect in College students on how to maintain clearly indicate a significant a good mental health during COVID-19 in relationship between university United States. students and their coping strategies during the COVID-19 in China. Changwon Son, BS,MS Farzan Sasangohar, BA, BCS, MASc, PhD Alec Smith, BS Xiaomei Wang, BS, PhD

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

Variable of the Study

Independent: COVID-19 Pandemic

Independent: COVID-19 and Lockdown

Dependent: The misinformation that people

Dependent: Mental Health students in United States.

Independent: COVID-19 pandemic in

China know.

of

College

Instrument used to Solve each Problem

Following this task, participants filled out the individual difference measures in randomized order. Finally, participants filled out a demographics form. Participants were debriefed as to the nature of the study and informed that the claims they read regarding COVID-19 were not true.

We conducted interview surveys with 195 students at a large public university in the United States to understand the effects of the pandemic on their mental health and wellbeing. The data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods.

Results

It presents the descriptive statistics for scores on the individual difference measures and for mean participant ratings of their likelihood to share the examined types of COVID-19 misinformation. On average, our sample was not inclined toward liberalism or conservatism, as measured by the modified Political Issues Index. Our sample was mildly inclined toward conspiracy ideation. Additionally, the sample was mildly above the midpoint for the CoSS, indicating a slight inclination toward rejecting science as credible. Our sample also averaged slightly below the midpoint on the SDO scale, while

Of the 195 students, 138 (71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Multiple stressors were identified that contributed to the increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive thoughts among students. These included fear and worry about their own health and of their loved ones (177/195, 91% reported negative impacts of the pandemic), difficulty in concentrating (173/195, 89%), disruptions to sleeping patterns (168/195, 86%), decreased social interactions due to physical distancing (167/195, 86%), and increased concerns on academic performance (159/195, 82%). To

Dependent: Anxiety among students

Initially, the questionnaire was piloted and validated by seven professors from various countries. There were no changes during the validation stage. An online semi-structured survey was developed by the authors. The survey was administered using a Chinese website called wjx.cn forms, which are similar to Google or Microsoft forms. In total, 66.90% of the students reported experiencing “normal” anxiety, and 23.80% reported it as “severe to extreme”. The results showing how much each of the four coping strategies was used by the respondents. Overall, the usage of all four strategies was moderate to low. The distributions were fairly normal (skewness < 2, kurtosis < 7) Overall, the students practiced more mental engagement strategies and fewer social support strategies.

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

averaging around the midpoint on the Traditionalism scale. Regarding willingness to share COVID-19 misinformation claims over social media, our sample averaged below the midpoint, suggesting an overall low willingness to share the COVID-19 claims we tested. Summary of the Study

cope with stress and anxiety, participants have sought support from others and helped themselves by adopting either negative or positive coping mechanisms.

Currently, the world is experiencing a global Mental health issues are the leading COVID-19 has severely affected pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, the virus causing impediment to academic success. Mental university students everywhere in the illness can affect students’ motivation, world. Due to fear of infection, the COVID-19 disease (World Health government and local authorities in concentration, and social interactions— China immediately closed academic Organization, 2020). Scientific and medical crucial factors for students to succeed in institutions and tried to find survival information concerning the virus is being higher education. The 2019 Annual Report of techniques to cope with market turbulence. COVID-19 was present in discovered and relayed quickly in efforts to the Center for Collegiate Mental Health China at the end of 2019. However, inform the general public and policymakers reported that anxiety continues to be the most little attention has been paid by researchers to coping strategies during about how best to respond. The demand for common problem (62.7% of 82,685 respondents) among students who completed the COVID-19 pandemic, and few measures were taken to assess the information related to COVID-19 is high, the Counseling Center Assessment of coping strategies of university creating a prime environment for Psychological Symptoms, with clinicians also students, specifically following the misinformation to spread. reporting that anxiety continues to be the closure of their institutions. To address this gap, this study attempted to most common diagnosis of the students that discover the coping strategies of The information environment surrounding the seek services at university counseling Chinese students during the COVIDpandemic affords an opportunity to study the centers. Consistent with the national trend, 19 pandemic in China. spread of scientific misinformation on social Texas A&M University has seen a rise in the We conducted an online survey using media platforms. We explored whether

number of students seeking services for a semi-structured questionnaire with a simple random sampling technique

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

different patterns of individual differences predict the inclination to share different kinds of misinformation about a salient sociocultural scientific topic. For the purposes of the present research, we limited our focus to individual differences in propensity toward conspiracy ideation, attitudes toward science, and facets of political ideology. Each of these individual differences has been previously found to relate either to the endorsement of misinformation or to how people respond to health threats from pathogens, as will be briefly described below. We recruited 404 participants via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, comparable to other research on credulity about hazard claims (e.g., Samore et al., 2018). We removed data on the basis of preregistered criteria: incomplete responses to the dependent measure or individual difference measures, completing the study in less than 2 min, and failure to respond or nonsensical response to an open-ended question asking them to describe the study. The final sample, after exclusions, was 296 participants (Mage =

anxiety disorders over the past 8 years. In 2018, slightly over 50% of students reported anxiety as the main reason for seeking services. Despite the increasing need for mental health care services at postsecondary institutions, alarmingly, only a small portion of students committing suicide contact their institution counseling centers, perhaps due to the stigma associated with mental health. Such negative stigma surrounding mental health diagnosis and care has been found to correlate with a reduction in adherence to treatment and even early termination of treatment. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus the mental health of various affected populations. It is known that the prevalence of epidemics accentuates or creates new stressors including fear and worry for oneself or loved ones, constraints on physical movement and social activities due to quarantine, and sudden and radical lifestyle changes. A recent review of virus outbreaks and pandemics documented stressors such as infection fears, frustration, boredom,

and received 559 responses. The survey questions captured information about students’ lives during the COVID-19 outbreak, actions to control anxiety, and what students care about during the pandemic. The associations between coping strategies used and levels of anxiety were tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures. SPSS Statistics v27 was used for statistical analysis in this study. The university students reported that coping strategies and survival techniques were required due to high levels of anxiety and psychological pressure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the respondents reported the prompt closure of their academic institutions due to COVID19. Psychological concerns, such as lack of sleep, emotional support, mental support and social appeal, were also reported. This is one of the very first studies on coping strategies for anxiety in China. The study reveals that university students employ a number of coping strategies in relation to COVID-19, but also suggests a need to strengthen

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

36.23, SDage = 10.96; 178 men, 117 women, 1 other). Participants were paid $0.75USD for participation.We used fact-checking sites, such as Snopes.com and FactCheck.org, to create an ad hoc measure of peoples’ willingness to share misinformation about COVID-19 over social media. Eighteen actual claims, either verified to be untrue or unverifiable, that have been made regarding COVID-19 were presented to participants. For each claim, participants used a slider to indicate how likely they would be to share that claim over their social media accounts. The slider bar ranged from scores of 0 to 100, with anchors of “Definitely not share,” “Less likely to share,” “More likely to share,” and “Definitely share” located at the 0, 33, 66, and 100 marks, respectively. We calculated mean scores for participants’ willingness to share misinformed claims about COVID-19. The present study was exploratory by design. Accordingly, these results should be interpreted with caution, but may inform more sophisticated research and modeling into misinformation diffusion about a scientific topic. Despite the limitations of the present research, we find that factors primarily related to individuals’ political beliefs, and in particular tendencies toward social dominance, are important for understanding how misinformation concerning COVID-19 diffuses online.

inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Participants were recruited from the student population of a large university system in Texas, United States. We conducted interview surveys with 195 students at a large public university in the United States to understand the effects of the pandemic on their mental health and wellbeing. The data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Of the 195 students, 138 (71%) indicated increased stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Multiple stressors were identified that contributed to the increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depressive thoughts among students. These included fear and worry about their own health and of their loved ones (177/195, 91% reported negative impacts of the pandemic), difficulty in concentrating (173/195, 89%), disruptions to sleeping patterns (168/195, 86%), decreased social interactions due to physical distancing (167/195, 86%), and increased concerns on academic performance (159/195, 82%). To cope with stress and anxiety, participants

such strategies in this population. However, the study was limited to a small number of provinces in China, which may affect the generalizability of the research.

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

have sought support from others and helped themselves by adopting either negative or positive coping mechanisms.

Conclusions

The present study was exploratory by design. Accordingly, these results should be interpreted with caution, but may inform more sophisticated research and modeling into misinformation diffusion about a scientific topic. Despite the limitations of the present research, we find that factors primarily related to individuals’ political beliefs, and in particular tendencies toward social dominance, are important for understanding how misinformation concerning COVID-19 diffuses online.

Due to the long-lasting pandemic situation and onerous measures such as lockdown and stay-at-home orders, the COVID-19 pandemic brings negative impacts on higher education. The findings of our study highlight the urgent need to develop interventions and preventive strategies to address the mental health of college students.

Recommendati WHO are promoting this campaign in many Taking care of yourself can better equip you countries spanning across Africa, Asia, to take care of others. During times of social ons Europe, Middle East and Latin America. The distancing, it is especially important to stay

The overall findings of the study clearly indicate a significant relationship between university students and their coping strategies during the COVID-19 in China. Increasing psychological pressure on students – consistent with our study finding that 48.3% of respondents believed that during the epidemic period everything would collapse – affect the students’ usual coping strategies and also their regular academic activities such as class attendance and assignments. As a result, ideal and safe coping strategies should be identified for the students in order to face any epidemic challenges in the future 10, which may help to ensure sustainable educational development in the world. Prioritizing research on mental health, anxiety and students’ coping strategies along with psychological effects is necessary. Ideal and safe coping strategies should be identified for the students in order to face any epidemic challenges in the

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

campaign is in support of WHO’s work towards addressing the infodemic of false information about COVID-19 and busting myths about the spread, diagnostic and treatment of the disease.

Reflection

The study indicates that, we should stop spreading fake information so that it could not lead to any misinformation and misunderstanding.

References

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/f psyg.2020.566108/full

connected with your friends and family. Helping others cope with stress through phone calls or video chats can help you and your loved ones feel less lonely or isolated.To cope with stress and anxiety imposed by COVID-19, college students reported seeking support from others but were mainly using various self-management methods. To overcome these barriers, the participants of the current study suggested the mental health practitioners of the country to raise awareness on mental health and improve mental health services. Universities should also provide psychological services, either face to face or remotely, as they will mitigate the emotional and mental impacts on students. It is crucial to be constantly in touch with the students. Universities ought to embark on structured programs to reduce anxiety, such as life skills training and mindfulness therapy, which have been validated to reduce anxiety levels. Equally important is for universities to reexamine their curricula, learning outcomes, and assessment methods for the courses and programs taught online as they should be distinguished from those meant for face-toface teaching mode.

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019ncov/daily-life-coping/managing-stress-

future 10, which may help to ensure sustainable educational development in the world. Prioritizing research on mental health, anxiety and students’ coping strategies along with psychological effects is necessary.

The study indicates numerous implications for society. First, the university authority should be aware of the students’ coping strategies. In particular, students who live without parents or relatives should be taken care of properly during the outbreak. Second, to help students cope with the mental pressure, university authorities may think about arranging or organizing programs such as an online experience-sharing competition, and encourage students by offering rewards or financial aids. Finally, required food and healthcare materials should be supplied to ensure the students’ safety. World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

AMADO E. TAJANLANGIT III 12-DESCARTES

anxiety.html https://www.who.int/news-room/featurestories/detail/countering-misinformationabout-covid-19 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33071894/ Buchanan, T., and Benson, V. (2019). Spreading disinformation on Facebook: do trust in message source, risk propensity, or personality affect the organic reach of “fake news”? Soc. Media + Soc. 5, 1–9. doi: 10.1177/2056305119888654 CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

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