PHA6117 LAB - Pharmacognosy PDF

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PROF: Kay Ann Tongol, RPh🚩 CHAPTER 1:EVALUATION OF DRUGSPHARMACOGNOSY applied science that deals with biochemical, biological and economic features of biological products and its origin deals with medicinal plants in their crude form EVALUATION OF DRUGS identification and determination of quality an...

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TECHNICAL NOTES ON PHARMACOGNOSY AND PLANT CHEMISTRY (LAB) PROF: Kay Ann Tongol, RPh CHAPTER 1: EVALUATION OF DRUGS PHARMACOGNOSY - applied science that deals with biochemical, biological and economic features of biological products and its origin - deals with medicinal plants in their crude form EVALUATION OF DRUGS - identification and determination of quality and purity METHODS OF EVALUATION 1. Organoleptic - Macroscopic - use of senses 2. Microscopic - identification of pure and powdered drug 3. Biological - use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity 4. Chemical - best method of determining official potency 5. Physical - application of physical constants to achieve principles of drug ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION - Macroscopic characteristics of drugs ● Shape and Size ● External Color and Internal Markings ● Fracture and Internal Colors ● Odor and Taste

Terms used for describing drugs from different parts of the plants A. From Underground Parts

EXAMPLES: Rhizome - Common name: Ginger - Vernacular name: Luya - Scientific name: Zingiber officinale - Pharma use: Anti-inflammatory, good for cough, anti-thrombotic Roots - Common name: Sweet potato - Vernacular name: Kamote

Corms Tubers -

Common name: Gabi Vernacular name: Scientific name: Colocasia esculenta Pharma use: Common name: Potato Vernacular name: Scientific name: Solanum tuberosum Pharma use:

I. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Occurrences entire plant in longitudinal slices in oblique or transverse slices cut in small cubical pieces broken into pieces

II.

According to shape

Cylindrical - circular shape - Ex. grapes, lanzones, santol, calamansi, aratiles, sarisa, orange Subcylindrical - Almost cylindrical (and does not taper at the end) - Ex. guava, dragonfruit, apple, cherry Conical - Cone shaped; tapers at one end - Ex. Belly pepper, carrot, siling labuyo, strawberry?? Fusiform - Tapers at both ends - Ex. Camote

Bulbs -

Scientific name: Ipomoea batatas Pharma use: Common name: Onion Vernacular name: Sibuyas Scientific name: Allium cepa Pharma use:

Ovoid -

egg shaped Ex. papaya (Carica papaya), seedless avocado??

TECHNICAL NOTES ON PHARMACOGNOSY AND PLANT CHEMISTRY (LAB) Pyriform - Pear shaped - Ex. Avocado (Persea americana), sayote

4.

5. Terete -

Slightly cylindrical but tapered gradually; has a distorted angle with a distinct upper surface that is different from the lower surface Ex. Cashew fruit, macopa

Disc-shaped - egg shaped - Ex. Calumba (Jateorhiza palmata) III.

According to size ● length or diameter, in mm or cm; mention brand of instrument used ● if conical, diameter of both wide and narrow parts

IV.

V.

According to external color ● white ● yellowish brown ● yellowish gray ● reddish orange ● brownish black ● gray (from clay dust)

According to external markings 1. furrows – alternating ridges and valleys which are more or less parallel, well-defined and usually due to shrinkage of the internal parts caused by drying; ex. stem ng mangga/ mango 2. wrinkles – fine or delicate furrows 3. annulations – transverse ring-like markings; ex. coconut tree 4. fissures – splits extending into the tissues; cracks 5. nodules – rounded outgrowths on the surface 6. projections – such as roots, stem-bases and buds; nodules that are fully grown 7. scars – such as leaf scars, stem-base scar, root scar, bud scar, bud-scale scar

VI. Fractures Terms in describing fractures: 1. Complete – breaking clean across 2. Incomplete – breaking only part way across

6. 7. 8.

Fibrous – a slow giving break with resistance and with projection of fibers from broken surfaces Splintery – breaking irregularly across into pieces with larger and smaller projecting edges and splinters Brittle – easily broken usually into many pieces when dropped into a hard surface Tough – breaking with difficulty Weak – breaking with little effort

Terms in describing fractured surface: 1. Even – a smooth surface 2. Uneven - an irregular broken surface 3. Granular – grain-like appearance 4. Hard – compact surface 5. Horny – horn-like surface 6. Mealy – powdering due to abundance of starch 7. Resinous – smooth glossy surface 8. Conchoidal – resinous surface with curved convex and concave fashion 9.

Waxy – dull wax-like surface

Bark - woody exogenous stem or root that lies outside of the cambium ring Occurrences: 1. flat or transversely curved pieces; quilaja 2. single quills; cascara, ceylin 3. double quills; cinnamon bark, cassia bark

two surfaces: outer and inner external color: varies from brownish gray to brownish black internal color: lighter than outer, some almost white Characteristic markings on outer surface: 1. Lenticels; for gas exchange 2. lichens with apothecia (lichens - are fungi, algae; indicators of pollution)/ Sensitive to Sulfur and Nitrogen/ You won’t see a lichen in a polluted area. 3. corky ridges 4. fissures

3.

Short – a clean smooth break with a quick snap

5.

adhering mosses...