PHL Politics Governance AND Citizenship PDF

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College of Political Science and Public AdministrationDepartment of Political ScienceStudy GuideinPHILIPPINE POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND CITIZENSHIP(GEED 20023)Prepared by:Jonald T. Bagasina Part-time Instructor Department of Political ScienceCollege of Political Science and Public AdministrationDepar...

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Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

Study Guide in PHILIPPINE POLITICS, GOVERNANCE, AND CITIZENSHIP (GEED 20023)

Prepared by: Jonald T. Bagasina Part-time Instructor Department of Political Science

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science UNIT I

Introduction to the Study of Politics and Governance This unit introduces the key concepts of studying politics, governance, basic tenets of major political ideologies, dimensions and nature of power, the state, nation, and globalization. The understanding of these concepts is important in providing explanation to historical and contemporary political issues and situations in the country and abroad. Unit Objectives: At the end of this unit, learners shall be able to: 1. Articulately define the key concepts/subjects discussed in every lesson in this unit; 2. Share his/her understanding of the concepts to others as part of political education; and 3. Write a position paper that would apply the concepts discussed in this unit.

LESSON 1

Concepts of Politics, Government, and Governance

In day-to-day use whether in a simple conversation with friends, essays submitted in school, or in a post in social media that talks about the government in general, we are often confused on the terms politics, government, and governance— differences in use, subject being referred, and their nature in general. It is important to understand the differences among these basic concepts to avoid misconception and to relay our ideas in a more politically correct way. In this lesson, we are going to examine politics, government, and governance in terms of their nature and interconnectedness in usage. Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, learners shall be able to: 1. Define politics, government, and governance; 2. Compare and contrast the terminologies in terms of the nature and usage; and 3. Assess the importance of properly using the terminologies discussed.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

Content Defining Politics?

Man is by nature a political animal” -Aristotle

There are various definitions and characterizations available when we talk about Politics. In general, Andrew Heywood defines Politics as “the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.” In the words of Harold Laswell, politics is “who gets what, when, and how.” On the other hand, Adrian Leftwich says that “Politics comprises all the activities of co-operation, negotiation and conflict within and between societies, whereby people go about organizing the use, production or distribution of human, natural and other resources in the course of the production and reproduction of their biological and social life.” Simply put, politics is the process that determines the distribution of power and resources. It also deals with how people influence others in satisfaction of interests. Politics can be understood as an art of governing, of public affairs, of making compromise and consensus, and source of legitimacy to rule. The academic study of politics is known as Political Science. According to Michael Roskin, Political Science is the “systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis.” Traditionally, it deals with the state and all organs and institutions attached to it however, the contemporary discipline of Political Science includes all societal, cultural, and psychological factors that affect the way how people are governed.

Learning Activity To enrich yourself about the concept of Politics, kindly watch and read the resources below: 1. Heywood, A. (2013). Politics 4th Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2. What is POLITICS? What does POLITICS mean? POLITICS meaning, definition & explanation. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxvrMtgETy8 3. "What is politics?" (Lecture from Introduction to Comparative Politics) Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZzFM6tlfZQ Guide questions: 1. What is Politics? 2. Why studying politics is important? 3. How relevant is the study of politics today as the country deals with the pandemic?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

What is Government? Hugh Brogan in Britannica Encyclopedia simply define government as “the political system by which a country or community is administrated and regulated.” Government refers to the system, organs, and institutions used in implementing rules and regulations to the people. Columbia Encyclopedia, on the other hand, characterize the government as “a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society.” A government is a system because it serves as an entity or formal structure in which the state exercises its legitimate power to govern as mandated by the constitution, organic laws, or customs and traditions. Forms of Government There is no singular form of government under which people are governed in the world. There are different forms how governments are set-up in different States and these forms are constantly evolving to cope up with the changing demands of people. One way of classifying governments is by looking on to whom the authority to rule is vested. This can be a one-person rule (autocracy such as monarchy), a select group of people usually the elite who has control over economic resources (aristocracy), or the people as a whole (democracy such as republic where people elect representatives to carry-out their will in the government).

Learning Activity To enrich yourself about the government, its historical development, and its various forms, kindly watch and read the resources below: 1. Brogan, H. (n.d.). Government, in Britannica Encyclopedia, accessed in https://www.britannica.com/topic/government 2. What is government? (n.d.). Accessed in https://www.toppr.com/guides/civics/what-isgovernment/meaning-of-government/ 3. Jessop, B. (2011). The State: Government and Governance in Handbook of Local and Regional Development, pp 239-248. Accessed in https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318085672_The_state_government_and_gover nance 4. What is government? Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLDStQ3P5Ag 5. Types and Forms of Government. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfz1J7yGOnQ Guide questions: 1. What is Government? 2. What are the types and forms of government? 3. Why is it important to study how a government functions?

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

What is Governance? The terms government and governance are often used interchangeably to refer to anything that involves the government in general. However, these terminologies, although interconnected, are different and separately defined. While the term government pertains to the system of governing the people, governance in general refers to the manner and processes of how people are governed. According to Mark Bevir (2012), governance includes all the processes of governing not only by the government but also by the market and by a network over a social system (family, tribes, organizations etc.) whether through laws enacted, norms and traditions, power, or language of an organized society. In an article published by International Bureau of Education (n.d.), governance is defined as structures and processes designed to ensure accountability, transparency, responsiveness, rule of law, stability, equity and inclusiveness, empowerment, and broad-based participation. While government as an entity can be easily seen, governance is more subtle and may not be easily observable as it refers to the culture and environment of interaction among stakeholders in public service.

Learning Activity To enrich yourself about the concept of governance and its difference with government, kindly watch and read the resources below: 1. International Bureau of Education (n.d.). Concept of Governance, Accessed in http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/geqaf/technical-notes/concept-governance 2. What is Good Governance? Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGUcrBcbVwI 3. Eight Qualities of Good Governance. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoUiwRoegE

Guide questions: 1. What is Governance? 2. How does good governance beneficial to the people? 3. Is good governance present in the Philippine government? Cite an example and explain how. Now that you are done studying the concepts of politics, government, and governance, it’s time to test your understanding of these concepts through this activity.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

References Heywood, A. (2013). Politics 4th Edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Leftwich, A. (2004). What is politics?: the activity and its study. ISBN 0-7456-30553. OCLC 1044115261. Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Columbia University Press. 2000. Brogan, H. (n.d.). Government, in Britannica https://www.britannica.com/topic/government

Encyclopedia,

accessed

from

Bevir, M. (2012). Governance: A very short introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191646294. International Bureau of Education (n.d.). Concept of Governance, Accessed in http://www.ibe.unesco.org/en/geqaf/technical-notes/concept-governance

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science LESSON 2

Political Ideologies: Basic concepts and examples Everyone wants to be heard. With the rise of technology and the existence of multiple social media platforms to engage in discussions around the world, people of all ages are more vocal of what they feel and what to say on different matters especially on political issues. Conflicting ideas are visible which often times result to arguments worse cyberbullying when exchanges are out of control. The differences on point of views among people are accompanied by different sets of ideologies. After learning the concepts of politics, government, and governance, we are now going to study the sets of ideas that influence how politics works and how government functions in a particular society. In this lesson we are going to talk about basic tenets of political ideologies and draw analysis on how it affect political functions in society. Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, learners shall be able to: 1. Discuss the concept of political ideology; 2. Compare and contrast main ideologies discussed in this lesson; and 3. Determine his/her political ideology or at least his/her leaning in political spectrum.

Content What is Political Ideology? Michael Freeden (2001) defined ideology in a political aspect as “set of ideas, beliefs, values, and opinions, exhibiting a recurring pattern, that competes deliberately as well as unintentionally over providing plans of action for public policy making, in an attempt to justify, explain, contest, or change the social and political arrangements and processes of a political community.” Simply put, it is a collection of ideas that sets the agenda on how to exercise power (through government) and allocate resources (economic system) in society. There is no singular way of categorizing political ideologies. Although political ideologies are commonly identified by their position in the political spectrum, ideologies can also be characterized based on political strategies and particular issues or agenda where a political party is built. Political Spectrum The traditional way of classifying political ideologies is by looking at their position in a spectrum arranged upon one or more geometric axes which symbolize different political positions. The left-right divide in the spectrum originated from the ancien regime (old order). During the French Revolutionary era (1789-1796), the ‘left’ and ‘right’ divide refers to the seating arrangement in the parliament. The aristocracy sat on right while commoners sat on the left. Thus, ‘right’ implies

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

support for aristocracy, royal family, and the church, while the ‘left’ implies support for republicanism, secularism, and civil liberties. The right wing is commonly referred to as conservatives while the left wing is commonly known as the progressives.

Learning Activity To enrich yourself about the concept of political ideology, different ideologies’ set of ideas and contending interests, kindly watch and read the resources below: 1. Cranston, M. (n.d.). Ideology in Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society 2. Freeden, M. (2001). Ideology: Political Aspects in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 7174-7177, accessed in https://doi.org/10.1016/B008-043076-7/01154-2 3. Political Ideology (n.d.). Accessed in https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundlesspoliticalscience/chapter/political-ideology/ 4. Political Ideology Explained. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlQ5fGECmsA 5. Political Ideology: Crash Course Government and Politics. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_k_k-bHigM

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science Guide questions: 1. What is political ideology? 2. What are the bases of classification of political ideologies in the traditional political spectrum? 3. Why is it important to identify someone’s political ideology?

References Cranston, M. (n.d.). Ideology in Encyclopedia https://www.britannica.com/topic/ideology-society

Britannica,

accessed

Freeden, M. (2001). Ideology: Political Aspects in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, pp. 7174-7177, accessed in https://doi.org/10.1016/B008-043076-7/01154-2 Political Ideology (n.d.). Accessed in https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundlesspoliticalscience/chapter/political-ideology/

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science LESSON 3

Power In previous lessons we have been talking about power for couple of time but what is this power all about? Hans Morgenthau, a German political scientist said “Power is the power of man on others” and as a “man’s control over the minds and actions of other men.” The exercise of power is present in many forms and different levels from government institutions down to communities and even at home thus, studying power is very important in the field of Political Science. In this lesson, we are going to study power in terms of its nature, origin, dimensions, and usage. How powerful is power? Let’s find out.

Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, learners shall be able to: 1. Define what is power in a political aspect; 2. Appreciate the value of using power for common good; and 3. Determine the application and usage of power in everyday political life.

Content What is Power? Power is commonly defined as the ability to influence the behavior of others in satisfaction of interests with or without coercion and/or resistance. The exercise of power is natural for everyone as we are all political beings. For Michael Foucault (1969), “power relationships are present in all aspects of society.” According to Max Weber (1947), power is “the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance, regardless of the basis on which this probability rests.” The exercise of power relations then exist in all forms of social relationships be it between the citizens and government, employees and employers, and even among family members to name a few. Power may come from different sources including but not limited to the following: 1. Personality- It refers to personal qualities like charisma and leadership. The behavior of an individual has an impact on how he/she exercises power. 2. Property- The acquisition of material wealth also determines the position in social class. The more wealth a person has, the easier for that person to acquire and exercise power. 3. Organization- An affiliation to organization can also be a source of power. Organization as a collective of individuals grants legitimate authority for someone to govern. The authority

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

that can be possessed by someone is a source of influence and respect among other members. Nature of Power The nature of how power is used can be summarized into three dimensions: 1. Power over- it is the ability to dominate another person or group. Power over usually comes from force or threat. 2. Power to- it is the ability to do something on one’s own or simply one’s abilities. “Power to” comes from a person’s personal traits, skills, and resources that enable him to act on something he/she wants to pursue. 3. Power with- like “power to,” “power with” also reflects ability but nuanced on the ability to work with others to achieve something. The interpersonal ability of the person to cooperate is important in “Power with” as he/she needs to open him/herself to compromise and consensus with others to collectively achieve the desired results. Types and Dimensions of Power The dimensions of power are the way in which power is enacted. 1. Physical power - This is power derived from material or physical advantage. 2. Informational power - This is derived from knowledge. For example if I know your weaknesses I could leverage this knowledge when trying to persuade you, or maybe help you learn and shore up those weaknesses. 3. Emotional power - This is the social power of affection, using emotion to get what you want. Charisma is a form of emotional power, including the power of oratory and the use of subtle body language. 4. Negative power - This power is used either to directly harm other people or with no care or concern about them. 5. Reactive power - This is power that is used in response to situations, for example where a person has the power to say no or to restrict access in some form. 6. Proactive power - This is power used consciously and deliberately, for example using your physical strength to attack someone. 7. National Power – National power is the power that is exercised by a state.

Learning Activity To enrich yourself about the concept of power (its meaning, sources, types, and dimensions), kindly watch and read the resources below: 1. Eric Liu: Why ordinary people need to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd0JH1AreDw

understand

power.

Link:

Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Political Science and Public Administration

Department of Political Science

2. How to understand power. Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_Eutci7ack 3. Politics, Power, and Authority. (n.d.). Accessed in https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/politics-power-andauthority/ 4. Mondal, P. (n.d.). Power of Politics: Meaning, Types and Sources of Power. Accessed in https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/power-of-politics-meaning-types-and-sourcesof-power/31356 Guide questions: 1. What is power? 2. How does the exercise of power can lead to good causes? 3. Why is i...