Phys12 0 Contents - Nelson Physics 12 textbook PDF

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AUTHOR TeAm

Dan Bruni, B.Sc., M.Sc., B.Ed. York Catholic District School Board Greg Dick, B.Sc. (Hons), B.Ed., OCT Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Jacob Speijer, B.Eng., M.Sc.Ed., P.Eng., OCT Simcoe County District School Board Charles Stewart, B.Sc., B.Ed. Peel District School Board

SeniOR PROgRAm COnSUlTAnT

Maurice DiGiuseppe, Ph.D. University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT) Formerly Toronto Catholic District School Board

PROgRAm COnSUlTAnT

Charles Stewart, B.Sc., B.Ed. Peel District School Board

Nelson physics 12 Authors Dan Bruni Greg Dick Jacob Speijer Charles Stewart

Contributing Authors Stefanie Clark Isha DeCoito Christopher T. Howes Ron Ricci Rob Vucic

Editorial Director Linda Allison

Manufacturing Sharon Latta Paterson

Associate publisher, Science David Spiegel

Content production Editors Cheryl Tiongson Shana Hayes

Cover Design Ken Phipps Eugene Lo Jarrel Breckon

Senior program Consultant Maurice DiGiuseppe program Consultant Charles Stewart

Managing Editor, Science Jennifer Hounsell Product Managers Doug Morrow Lorraine Young

Copyeditor Julia Cochrane proofreader Gerry Jenkison

program Manager Sarah Tanzini

indexer Marilyn Augst

Senior Editor Betty Robinson

Design Director Ken Phipps

Developmental Editors Nancy Andraos Naomi Go Julia Hubble Winnie Siu

interior Design Greg Devitt Ken Phipps Glenn Toddun Courtney Hellam Eugene Lo

Editorial Assistants Michelle Irvine Bonnie Lo Mina Shin

Copyright © 2012 by Nelson Education Ltd. Student Text and PDF ISBN-13: 978-0-17-652038-0 ISBN-10: 0-17-625038-4 Student Text ISBN-13: 978-0-17-650453-3 ISBN-10: 0-17-650453-2 Printed and bound in Canada 2 3 4 15 14 13 12 Portions adapted from College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships, First Edition, Published by Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning © 2010. Nicholas J. Giordano.

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All student activities and investigations in this textbook have been designed to be as safe as possible, and have been reviewed by professionals specifically for that purpose. As well, appropriate warnings concerning potential safety hazards are included where applicable to particular activities and investigations. However, responsibility for safety remains with the student, the classroom teacher, the school principal, and the school board.

Reviewers Accuracy Reviewers Deepak Chandan University of Toronto, Department of Physics Richard Epp Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Scientific Outreach Manager Martin Williams University of Guelph, Department of Physics Assessment Reviewers Damian Cooper Education Consultant Nelson Education Author Alistair MacLeod Limestone DSB Catholicity Consultant Ted Laxton Faculty of Education, Wilfred Laurier University Formerly Wellington Catholic DSB eSl Consultant Paula Markus ESL/ELD Program Coordinator, Toronto DSB numeracy Consultant Mary Bourassa Ottawa–Carleton DSB STSe Consultant Joanne Nazir Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto

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Safety Consultants Jim Agban Past Chair, Science Teachers’ Association of Ontario (STAO) Safety Committee

Martin Gabber Formerly of Durham DSB

Peter Cudmore Chair, Science Teachers’ Association of Ontario (STAO) Safety Committee Renfrew County District School Board

Christopher T. Howes Durham DSB

Technology/iCT Consultant Luciano Lista Coordinator, eLearning and Digital Resources, Toronto Catholic DSB Aboriginal education Consultant Karen Iverson Karen Iverson Consulting Advisory Panel and Teacher Reviewers Anca Bogorin Avon Maitland DSB Racquel Carlow Dufferin–Peel Catholic DSB Andrew Cherkas York Region DSB Charles J. Cohen Tanenbaum Community Hebrew Academy of Toronto Matthew Di Fiore Dufferin–Peel Catholic DSB Naomi Epstein Tanenbaum Community Hebrew Academy of Toronto

Shawna Hopkins Niagara DSB

Patricia Jones Ottawa–Carleton DSB Roche Kelly Durham DSB Ron Macnaughton Peel DSB Christopher Meyer Toronto DSB Dermot O’Hara Toronto Catholic DSB Steve Pfisterer Rockway Mennonite Collegiate Robert Pickett Catholic DSB of Eastern Ontario Ron Ricci Greater Essex County DSB Henri van Bemmel Toronto DSB Rob Vucic Peel DSB Glenn Wagner Upper Grand DSB Victoria Wraight Kawartha Pine Ridge Board of Education Jim Young Limestone DSB

Dave Fish Waterloo Region DSB

Reviewers

iii

Contents Unit 1 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Focus on STSe: Applying the Dynamics of motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Chapter 3: Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . 106 3.1

Inertial and Non-inertial Frames of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3.2

Centripetal Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

3.3 Centripetal Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Frames of Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter 1: Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 . . . Rotating 6 3.5 Physics Journal: The Physics 1.1 Motion and Motion Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 of Roller Coasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 1.2 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.6 explore an issue in Dynamics: 1.3 Displacement in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Improvements in Athletic Technology . . . . . . . . 133 1.4 1.5

Velocity and Acceleration in Two Dimensions . . 30 Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

investigation 3.3.1: Simulating Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

1.6

Relative Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

investigation 3.3.2: Analyzing Uniform Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

investigation 1.5.1: Investigating Projectile Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Chapter 1 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Chapter 1 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Chapter 3 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Chapter 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Unit 1 Task: A new extreme Sport . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 2: Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Unit . . 160 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 2.1 2.2

Forces and Free-Body Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

2.3 2.4

Applying Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Forces of Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

2.5

explore an Application in Dynamics: Linear Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

2.6

Physics Journal: The Physics of Downhill Skiing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 investigation 2.3.1: Static Equilibrium of Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 investigation 2.4.1: Inclined Plane and Friction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 investigation 2.4.2: Motion and Pulleys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Chapter 2 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Chapter 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

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Contents

Unit 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Unit 2 energy and momentum . . 158 Focus on STSe: innovations in energy Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

Chapter 4: Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 162 4.1

Work Done by a Constant Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

4.2

Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

4.3 4.4

Gravitational Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 explore an issue in energy generation: Gravitational Potential Energy and Hydroelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

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4.5 4.6

The Law of Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . 184 Elastic Potential Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 4.7 Springs and Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 investigation 4.2.1: The Work–Energy T heorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 investigation 4.5.1: Energy and Pulleys . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 investigation 4.7.1: Energy and Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Chapter 4 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Chapter 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

Unit 3 gravitational, electric, and magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Focus on STSe: The international Space Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Chapter 6: Gravitational Fields . . . . . . . . . 28 6.1

Newtonian Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

6.2 6.3

Orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 explore Applications of gravitational Fields: Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Physics Journal: General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . 306

6.4

Chapter 5: Momentum and Collisions . . . . 220 investigation 6.1.1: Universal Gravitation . . . . . . . . . . 308 5.1 5.2 5.3

Momentum and Impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Conservation of Momentum in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

5.4 5.5

Head-on Elastic Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Collisions in Two Dimensions: Glancing Collisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.6 explore Applications of momentum: Staying Safe at Every Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 5.7 Physics Journal: Momentum and the Neutrino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 investigation 5.2.1: Conservation of Momentum in One Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 investigation 5.4.1: Head-on Elastic Collisions . . . . . . 259 investigation 5.5.1: Conservation of Momentum in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Chapter 5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Chapter 5 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

investigation 6.2.1: Design a Solar System . . . . . . . . . . 309

Chapter 6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Chapter 6 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Chapter 7: Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1

Properties of Electric Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

7.2

Coulomb’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

7.3

Electric Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

7.4

Potential Difference and Electric Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

7.5

Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy Due to Point Charges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

7.6

The Millikan Oil Drop Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . 362

investigation 7.2.1: Coulomb’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 investigation 7.6.1: The Millikan Experiment . . . . . . . 367

Chapter 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Chapter 7 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

Unit 2 Task: Applications of energy and momentum in engineering Design . . . . . 270 Unit 2 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Unit 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

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9.3.1: Properties of Water Waves . . . . . . 487 Chapter 8: Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . investigation 376

8.1

Magnets and Electromagnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

8.2 8.3

Magnetic Force on Moving Charges . . . . . . . . . . 386 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

8.4

Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

8.5

Applications of Electric and Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405

8.6

explore an Application in electromagnetic Fields: Particle Accelerators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

investigation 8.2.1: Observing the Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412

Chapter 8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Chapter 8 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Unit 3 Task: Field Technology in Use. . . . . . . . . 422 Unit 3 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Unit 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Unit 4 The Wave nature of light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Focus on STSe: light and interference . . . . . . 435 Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Chapter 9: Waves and Light . . . . . . . . . . .

investigation 9.3.2: Interference of Waves in Two Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 investigation 9.5.1: Young’s Double-Slit Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Chapter 9 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Chapter 9 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Chapter 9 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

Chapter 10: Applications of the Wave Nature of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1 10.2

Interference in Thin Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Single-Slit Diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

10.3 10.4

The Diffraction Grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 Electromagnetic Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

10.5 10.6

Polarization of Light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 explore Applications of light Technology: Electromagnetic Waves. . . . . . . . . 538 10.7 Physics Journal: Light Nanotechnology and Counterfeit Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 10.8 explore an issue in light Technology: Global Positioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 investigation 10.1.1: Investigating Interference Using Air Wedges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 investigation 10.2.1: Diffraction of Light Using a Single Slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 investigation 10.3.1: CD and DVD Storage Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Chapter 10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 438

9.1 9.2

Properties of Waves and Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Refraction and Total Internal Reflection . . . . . . 444

Chapter 10 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Chapter 10 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

9.3

Diffraction and Interference of Water Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

9.4 9.5

Light: Wave or Particle? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 Interference of Light Waves: Young’s Double-Slit Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Unit 4 Task: Optical Pattern Analysis . . . . . . . . 556 Unit 4 Self-Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

9.6

explore an issue in light-Based Technology: Should Governments Restrict Network Access? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

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Contents

Unit 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

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Unit 5 Revolutions in modern Physics: Quantum mechanics and Special Relativity . . . . . . . . . . 568

12.5

Physics Journal: Raymond Laflamme and Quantum Information Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

12.6

The Standard Model of Elementary Particles . . . 644

investigation 12.2.1: The Photoelectric Effect . . . . . . . 654

Focus on STSe: Particle Acceleration investigation 12.2.2: Determining Planck’s and the large Hadron Collider . . . . . . . . 569 Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 Are You Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 investigation 12.6.1: Laser Simulation . . ...