Physical Science Study Guide PDF

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Summary of needed info for units 3/4...

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Unit 3 – Physics Module 3 (Force and Motion) ❖ Describe motion in terms of speed, velocity, and acceleration. o Speed is the rate of how fast an object is going o Velocity is the rate of speed and the direction (where) it is going as well o Acceleration is the rate of speed, speed up or slow down and the sudden change in direction ❖ Describe the behavior of simple systems based on Newton’s laws of motion. o  First Law: An object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by another force o Second Law: An object mass as well the force impacts the overall acceleration ·

More force on an object would mean more acceleration

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More mass of an object means less acceleration ❖

Generally, the mass and force of an object have a net force of zero unless there is a greater force acting upon it- The mass of the shelf sitting on the floor and the force of the floor pushing up against the shelf would create a net force of zero until I created a larger force to push the shelf across the floor.The greater the force an object has the more you can cause it to move.

o Third Law: The greater the force an object has the more you can cause it to move. There is almost always a counterforce or opposing force acting against the object that must be overcome-if i am pushing down on the table the table then in return is pushing up on my hand with an equal force but in an opposing direction. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction Module 4 (Friction, Gravity and Momentum) ❖ Recognize the effects of gravity and friction in common situations. ➢  Gravity-the way the mass of an object is attracted to the gravitational force of something else- (Humans to Earth) ■ Mass to Gravitational Force ● The further they are from each other the less gravitational pull so the less attraction

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The closer they are together the more of a gravitational pull so the more attraction they have to one another ➢ Friction- Objects that are in contact with one another ■ Static Friction- These are objects that create friction but the objects are not moving at all (Fridge and floor) ■ Sliding Friction- These are objects that create friction by being moved against another object (Fridge being pushed across the floor) ■ Rolling Friction- When there is enough force applied to overcome static friction (me and a friend pushing a fridge hard enough to overcome the static friction the fridge has with the floor) ❖ Describe the behavior of simple systems based on conservation of linear momentum. ➢ P(momentum)= M(Mass)*V(Velocity) ■ The faster I walk the higher the momentum ● Mass of the body while walking ● Bee(1gm)-----> 40 m/h= P= 1gm*40=40 ● Truck (220gm)----> 20 m/h = P= 220gm*20= 4400 ◆ THIS IS THE HIGHER MOMENTUM

Module 5 (Conservation of Energy) ❖ Describe the relationship between work and energy. ➢ Energy is used to do work. Work can be used to transfer energy this means that the kinetic energy of an object is the same or equal to the work done on a given object. ❖ Recognize different forms of energy. ➢ Potential Energy- energy that has the POTENTIAL to be used (Stored Energy) ■ Chemical Energy (food, fuel) ■ Elastic Energy (the stored energy would be like a rubber band that has been stretched out but has not been let go) ■ Nuclear Energy ( Energy in the center of a particle) ■ Gravitational Energy (Energy that is stored in an object above the earth’s surface) ➢ Kinetic Energy- Energy that is in motion ■ Thermal Energy- Heat ■ Mechanical Energy- Object in motion (Car, Machine) ■ Electrical Energy- Particles moving through wires (Energy moving through a phone charger to charge a phone) ■ Magnetic Energy- A push or a pull attraction of objects to each other

➢ Sound Energy- Energy that could be heard ( Music from speakers, Someone talking, Noises outside) ➢ Light Energy- Energy your eyes can see or detect ❖ Describe how conservation of energy applies to a given scenario. ➢ This is described as what you put in is what you get out. If I put gas in the car the car will then move and the energy has changed from potential energy to kinetic thermal energy ( the total energy will be the same. Module 6 (Properties of Waves) ❖ Describe the properties of waves. ➢ Waves are generated by anything that has a vibration to it ■ Transverse waves- move up and down (curved lines) ● Water waves ■ Longitudinal waves- move back and forth (pointed zig zag lines) ● Sound waves ❖ Identify applications of electromagnetic radiation. ➢ Electromagnetic radiation would be the light waves- Light does not need a medium to be seen ■ Radio,x-ray, microwave, ultraviolet ❖ Differentiate between sound waves and electromagnetic waves. ➢ Sound ways need a medium to be heard ➢ There is a difference in low and high frequency waves ■ Long wavelength is low frequency-Alto ■ Short wavelength is high frequency-Soprano ➢ Electromagnetic waves like light does not need a medium they can be seen without assistance.

Unit 4 – Chemistry Module

7 (Properties of Matter)

❖ Describe the general structure of an atom. ➢ Found in the middle ■ Protons(Positive Charge) ■ Neutrons(Neutral Charge) ● Also called Nucleons ➢ Outer Shell ■ Electrons (Negative Charge) ■ Valence Electrons on last layer of shell furthest from the atom used for chemical bonding ❖ Distinguish between elements, compounds, and mixtures. ➢ Element- pure and contains only one type of atom

➢ Compound- a compound is made up of 2 or more elements to create a chemical bond ■ H2O ➢ Mixture- Can be separated ■ Water with sugar ● The sugar can be removed from the water by boiling it and seeing the powder left after the water has changed forms ◆ They are always 2 separate things they are just mixed together ❖ Describe the macroscopic properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the motions and arrangements of their particles. ➢ Solids- tightly enclosed and have formed a particular pattern to form the solid ➢ Liquid-together and moving but no a particular motion or pattern ➢ Gas- spaced far apart no formation **** Molecule- substance made by chemical bonding of non metals and they can have more than one element (items can be a compound and a molecule at the same time)*** Module 8 (Behavior of Matter) ❖ Differentiate between chemical and physical changes. ➢ Chemical changes would be the formation of a new substance ■ I have taken wood and started a fire now the fire is burning the wood and creating smoke causing a chemical change to the original object and it can not go back to its original form ➢ Physical change is just the physical properties of something being made to look like something else. ■ Me cutting my hair from long to short ■ But I can add extensions to make it long again ❖ Describe the types of chemical bonding. ➢ Atoms are bonding to become stable ■ Each atom can have only a certain number of electrons so they bond together to stabilize the atoms ● Covalent (makes molecules)- non metals (sharing space) ◆ Oxygen shares valence electrons with hydrogen to create H2O ● Ionic- Both metals and nonmetals ◆ Metals lose valence electrons ◆ Nonmetals gain valence electrons ● Metallic-Metals ◆ The metals lose valence electrons ❖ Describe the basic organization of the Periodic Table. ➢ To the left is Metals ■ Except at the top you will find one element that is a metal (Hydrogen)

➢ To the right Non Metals ➢ Right next to nonmetals is metalloids ➢ Groups (standing up)are the columns across the top ■ Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons ➢ Periods (laying down) are the rows across the table...