PIL Midterm REV - reviewer on public international law PDF

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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAWATTY. GATDULADEFINITION OF TERMSINTERNATIONALLAWTraditional concept- A body of rules and principles of action which are binding upon civilized states in their relations with another.Schwarzenberger- T he body of legal rules which apply between sovereign states and such other ...

Description

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INTERNATIONAL& LAW&

PRIVATE& INTERNATIONAL& LAW&

PUBLIC&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& ATTY.&GATDULA& DEFINITION&OF&TERMS& Traditional* concept-! A! body! of! rules! and! principles! of! action! which! are! binding! upon! civilized! states! in! their! relations!with!another.! ! Schwarzenberger-! The! body! of! legal! rules! which! apply! between! sovereign! states! and! such! other! entities! as! have!been!granted!international!personality.!! Domestic!law!which!deals!with!cases!where!foreign!law! intrudes! in! the! domestic! sphere! where! there! are! ! !!

INTERNATIONAL& Body! of! laws! and! regulations,! now! highly! developed,! ADMINISTRATIVE& created! by! the! action! of! international! conference! or! commissions! which! regulate!the! relations!and! activities! LAW! of! national! and! international! agencies! with! respect! to! ! those!material!and! intellectual!interests! which!received! an!authoritative!universal!recognition.!! NATURAL&LAW&

POSITIVE&LAW&

DUALIST&THEORY&

A! system! of! right! or! justice! held! to! be! common! to! all! humans! and! derived! from! nature! rather! than! from! the! rules!of!society!or!positive!law.!!

MONIST&THEORY&

OPINIO&JURIS&

The!belief!that!a!certain!form!of!behavior!is!obligatory,!is! what!makes!practice!an!international!rule.!!

OPINIO&JURIS& SIVE& NECESSIATTIS&

“Evidence!of!a!belief!that!this!practice!is!rendered! obligatory!by!the!existence!of!a!rule!of!law!requiring!it.”!!

CUSTOMS&

Practice! which! has! grown! up! between! states! and! has! come! to! be! accepted! as! binding! the! mere! fact! of! persistent!usage!over!a!long!period!of!time.!!

TREATY&

Formal!agreement,!usually!but!not!necessarily!in!writing,! which!is!entered!into!by!states!or!entities!possessing!the! treaty-making! capacity! for! the! purpose! of! regulating! their!mutual!relations!under!the!law!of!nations.!!

GENERALLY& ACCEPTED& PRINCIPLE&OF& LAW&

It!is!a!rule!of!law!widely!accepted!and!applied!in! municipal!systems!of!nations.!

STATE&

A!group! of!people!living!together!in! a!definite!territory! under! the! independent! government! organized! for! political!ends!and!capable!of!entering!into!international! relations.!!

SOVEREIGNITY&

The!power!of!the!state!to!direct!its!own!external!affairs! without!!interference!or!dictation!from!other!states.!

Statutes!that!have!been!laid!down!by!a!legislature,!court! or!other!human!institution.! International!Law!and!national!law!are!independent!of! each!other,!and!both!systems!are!regarded!as!mutually! exclusive!and!independent.!!

Law!is!seen!as!a!single!entity!of!which!national!and! international!versions!are!merely!particular! manifestations.!!

SUBJECT&OF&

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INTERNATIONAL& LAW!

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OBJECT&OF&THE& INTERNATIONAL& LAW!

involved!in!the!war,!are! governed! by! the! laws! of!neutrality.!! !

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! CHAPTER&I& GENERAL&PRINCIPLES& & Nature&and&Scope& & The$expanding$scope$of$International$Law$has*modified*its*traditional* concept* as* “a* body* of* rules* and* principles* of* action* which* are* binding* upon* civilized*states*in*their*relations*with*one*another.”* * Divisions&of&International&Law& & Grand&Divisions&of&International&Law:& 1. Laws&of&PEACE& 2. Laws&of&WAR& 3. Laws&of&NEUTRALITY& & PEACE& WAR& NEUTRALITY& Govern! the! normal! When! war! breaks! out! Those! states! not! relations!of!sates.! between! or! among! involved! in! the! war! some! of! them,! ! continue! to! be! ! regulated! under! the! ! laws! of! peace! in! their! ! relations! inter! se.! ! however,! their! relations! with! the! ! belligerents,! or! those! !

Distinctions&with&Municipal&Law& & Legal*analysis*regards*Private*International*Law*as*Conflicts*of*Laws,*as* pertaining*to*the*municipal*or*private*law*of*each*state*rather*than*as*a*part* of*International*law.* While*it*has*been*suggested*in*one*oft-cited*case*that*International*Law*covers* both*public*and*private*international*law,*the*consensus*is*that*only*those* precepts*applicable*to*relations*of*international*person*inter*se*fall*within*the* field*of*international*law.** ! OPINIONS&OF&MONISTS&AND&DUALISTS:& & MONIST& STAND& They!believe!in!the!Oneness!or!unity!of!all!law.& To!them!the!main!reason!for!the!essential!identity!of!the! BELIEF& two!spheres!of!law!is!some!of!the!fundamental!notions!of! International!Law!cannot!be!comprehended!without!the! assumption!of!a!superior!legal!order!from!which!the!various! Municipal!Law!are,!in!sense!derived!by!way!of!delegation.& CONCLUSION& Law!is!essentially!a!command!binding!upon!the!subjects,! independently!of!their!will!and!it!is!ultimately!the!conduct! of!individuals!which!it!regulates.& & DUALIST& They!believe!in!the!dichotomy!of!the!law!and!that!there!are! STAND& certain!well!established!difference!between!international! law!and!municipal!law.& BELIEFS& & Municipal&Law&(ML)& International&Law& LAVIÑA&|&LEGASPI!

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(IL)& ML!is!issued!by! ORIGIN& IL&is!not!imposed! Political!superior!for! but!simply!adopted! observance!by!those! by!states!as!a! under!its!authority! common!rule!of! action!among! themselves.! CONTENT& ML&consists!mainly!of! IL&is!derived!from! enactments!from!the! any!particular! lawmaking!authority! legislation!but!from! of!each!state! such!sources!as! international! customs,! international! conventions!and!the! general!principles!of! law.! ! SCOPE& ML®ulates!!the! IL&applies!to!the! relations!of!individuals! relations!inter!se!of! among!themselves!or! states!and!other! with!their!own!state! international! persons.! ! VIOLATION& violations!of!!ML&are! questions!of!IL&are! redressed!through! resolved!through! local!administration! state-!to-! state! and!judicial!processes! transaction!ranging! from!peaceful! methods!like! negotiations!and! arbitration!to!the! hostile!arbitrament! of!force!like!

reprisals!and!even! war.! ! breaches!of!municipal! responsibility!for! BREACH& law!generally!entail! infractions!of! only!individual! international!law!is! usually!collective!in! responsibility& the!sense!that!it!is! attached!to!the! state!and!not!to!ints! nationals.& As*OPPENHEIM*points*out*“Municipal*Law*is*a*law*of* CONCLUSION& sovereign*over*those*subjected*to*his*sway,*the*law*of* Nation*is*a*law*not*above*but*between*sovereign*states*and* is*therefore*a*weaker*law.”* &It!is!possible!for!a!principle!of!municipal!law!to!become! part!of!international!law,!as!when!the!principle!is!embodied! in!a!treaty!or!convention!like!the!Hague!Convention!of!1899! and!1907!relationg!to!personal!status!and!the!Geneva! Convention!of!1930!on!bills!of!exchange.!! & Is&the&Philippines&a&Monist&or&Dualist?&& & Monist.! Some!States!have! seen! fit! to!emphasize!their! amenability! to! the! doctrine! of! incorporation,! as ! Among! these! are! Austria,!Germany,!Korea!and!the!Philippines.!! ! Thus!in! ART.&II&SEC&2&of& our&Constitution&“The* Philippines*renounces* war* as* an* instrument* of* national* policy,* adopts* the* generally* accepted* principles*of*international*law*as*part*of*the*law*of*the*land*and*adheres*to*the* policy* of* peace,* equality,* justice,* freedom,* cooperation* and* amity* with* all* nations.* * 1 Doctrine& of& Incorporation-& & & & & & The! law! of! nations,! although! not! specially! adopted!by!the!Constitution!or!any!municipal!act,!is!essentially!a!part! LAVIÑA&|&LEGASPI!

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of! the! law! of! the! land.! !

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& Doctrine& of& Transformation -! Generally! accepted! rules! of! international! law! are!not!per!se!binding!upon!the!state!but!must!first!be!embodied!in!legislation! enacted!by!the!lawmaking!body!and!so!transformed!into!municipal!law.!! * * Which&does&the&Philippines&adhere&to?&& !The!Philippines!follow!the!Incorporation!Theory!as!provided!for!in! Article!II,!Section!2!of!the!1987!Constitution.!It!also!follows!the!doctrine!of! transformation!but!not!in!an!exclusive!manner,!as!applied!by!the!treaty! making!power!of!the!President.!  ! PROBLEM:& Petitioner!argues! that!Military!Commission! has!no! jurisdiction!to! the! try!Petitioner!for!acts!committed!in!violation!of!the!HAGUE!CONVENTION!AND! THE! GENEVA! CONVENTION! because! the! Philippine! is! not! a! signatory! to! the! first!and!signed!only!the!second!in!1947.!Is!the!argument!of!petitioner!valid?! ! ANSWER:& & NO,&argument¬&valid.&The!problem!is!in!the!same!case!of!Kuroda$v.$ Jalandoni,$it!was!ruled!in!the!same!case!that!it!cannot!be!denied!that!the!rules! and!regulations!on!the! ! ! !In!fact,!these!rules!are!accepted!by!United!States!and!Japan!who!are!both! signatories!to!the!two!convention,! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! PROBLEM:& An! amendment! to! the! constitution! of! a! State! abolishing! the! right! of! property! in! aliens! within! its! jurisdiction.! Decree! of! confiscation! pursuant! to! this!provision!could!arguably!be!valid!under!municipal!law,!but!they!would!at! the! same! time! raise! serious! international! complications! and! provoke! objections!from!the!states!adversely!affected.!Under!the!circumstances!which! system!of!law!shall!prevail?! ! ANSWER:& ! INTERNATIONA!LAW.!This!can!be!a!matter!of!discretion!of!every!State! by!reason!of!its!territorial!supremacy!as!long!as!not!discriminatory.!In!the!case! of! Guatalema,! it! was! argued! that! the! legislative! decree! of! Guatelema! abrogating! the! concession! of! an! American! national! in! the! country! was! the! constitutional! act! of! a! sovereign! state! that! could! not! be! questioned! by! an! international! tribunal.! While! declaring! that! the! contention! might! be! tenable! from! the! national! viewpoint,! the! arbitrator! nevertheless! held! that”! it! is! a! settled!principle!of!international!law!that!a!sovereign!cannot!be!permitted!to! set!up!his!own!municipal!law!as!a!bar!to!a!claim!by!a!foreign!sovereign!for!a! wrong!done!to!the!latter’s!subject.!! ! CONSTITUTION&VS&TREATY& & & !Generally,! the! treaty! is! rejected! in! the! local! forum! but! is! upheld! by! international!tribunals!as!demandable!obligation!of!the!signatories!under!the! maxim!pacta!sunt!servanda.!! ! The!position!of!the!Philippines!regarding!this!matter!is!clear!enough.! There! can! be! no! doubt! as! to! the! meaning! of! our! constitution! when! it! authorizes! the! SC! to! decide,! among! others,! all! cases! involving! the! constitutionality!of!“any!treaty,!international!or!executive!agreement,!law...”!! ! PROBLEM:& LAVIÑA&|&LEGASPI!

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& President! of! the! Philippines! by! executive! agreement! contracted! fro! the!importation! of!rice! from! Burma! and!Vietnam!without! first!securing! from! the!National!Economic!Council!the!certification!required!by!law!that!there!was! shortage! of! the! said! cereal! in! the! Philippines! at! that! time.! Notwithstanding! that! in! international! law! treaties! and! executive! agreements! are! equally! binding!commitments!of!the!contracting!states.!(!Gonzales$vs$Hechanova)$ $ ANSWER:& & & In! the! case! of! Gonzales! vs! Hechanova! the! Supreme! Court! held! that,! ! ! ! ! He! may! not! defeat! legislative! enactment! by! indirectly! repealing! the! same! through! an! executive! agreement! providing! for! the!very!act!prohibited!by!said!laws.! ! ! As!regards!whether!an!international!agreement!may!be!invalidated!by! the!courts,!suffice!it!to!say!that!the!Constitution!authorizes!the!nullification!of! a!treaty!not!only!when!it!conflicts!with!the!constitution!but!also!when!it!runs! counter!to!an!act!of!Congress.!! ! BASIS&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& Why!it!is!recognized!and!obeyed!as!a!rule!of!action!by!the!family!of!nations?! What!gives!the!binding!force!to!international!law?! ACCORDING!TO:! 1. Naturalist&school&of&thought:&(Samuel&Pufendorf)! • The!basis!of!International!law!is!the!law!of!nature.!! • ! ! t,!which!is!supposed!to!

be!discovered!and!recognized!by!every!individual! through!the!use!of!his!reason!and!his!conscience.!! 2. Positivists:&(Richard&Zouche)& •

!! That!it!is!not!a!law!of!subordination!but!coordination.! Such! consent! is! asserted,! expressed! in! the! case! of! conventional! law,! implied! in! the! case! of! customary! law,!and!presumed!in!the!case!of!the!general!principle! of!law.! & 3. Eclectics&or&Grotians:() & • This!theory!adheres!to!the!Father!of!International!Law! HUGO& GROTIUS! t ! ! ! • both! the! law! of! nature! and! the! consent! of! states! as! the!basis!of!international!law.! • •

SANCTIONS&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& What!compels! us! to! the!obedience!of! International!Law?! For! indeed! the!fact!that!the!law!is!binding!does!not!necessarily!mean!it!will!be!observed! especially! in! the! absence! of! some! coercive! influence! to! dictate! obedience.!! Unlike!in!municipal!law!which!prescribed!methods!for!its!enforcement.!! Here! are! the! factors! that! induce! observance! of! its! generally! accepted! principles:! 1.

Belief! shared! by! many! states! in! the!

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But! regardless! of! the! intrinsic! merit! of! the! rules! of! international! law,! they! may! still! be! observed! by! states! ! ! ,! or! their! desire! to! project! an! agreeable! public! image! in! order! to! maintain!the!goodwill!and!favorable!regard!of!the!rest!of!the! family!of!nations.!!

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The! constant! and! reasonable! fear,! present! even! in! the! most! powerful!states,!that!violation!of!international!law!might!visit! upon!the!culprit!the!retaliation!of!other!states.!!

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There!is!the!machinery!of!the!UN!which,!within!the!sphere!of! its! limited! powers,! has! on! many! occasions! proved! to! be! an! effective! deterrent! to! international! disputes! caused! be! disregard!of!the!law!of!nations.  ENFORCEMENT&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& & It! is! important! to! ascertain! the! various! methods! by! which! international! law! may! be! enforced! in! the! family! of! nations.! But! first,! distinction! should! be! made! between! observance!and!enforcement.!! ! OBSERVANCE! Essentially!subjective!and!mainly! dependent!on!the!volition!of!the!entity! which!is!supposed!to!be!governed!by!law.!! ENFORCEMENT!

Process!by!which!such!observance!may! be!compelled!usually!by!force!or!at!least!

the!threat!of!force.! ! STATES& ARE& ABLE& TO& ENFORCE& INTERNATIONAL& LAW& AMONG& EACH& OTHER& THROUGH& INTERNATIONAL& ORGANIZATIONS&OR®IONAL&GROUPS&such!as!the:! 1. United!Nations! 2. Organization!of!American!States! =! the! grievances! of! the! disagreeing! states! are! presented! and! discussed! in! these! bodies,! which! may! thereafter!adopt!such!measures!as!may!be!necessary! to!compel!compliance!with!international!obligation!or! vindicate!the!wrong!doing.!! Note:!AT! PRESENT!these! actions! are! exercised! by! the! United! Nations! through! Security! Council! and! the! International! Court! of! Justice! QUARELLING& STATES& MAY& ATTEMPT& TO& SETTLE& THEIR& DIFEERENCES&BETWEEN&THEMSELVES&EITHER:& 1. AMICABLE&METHODS&such!as:& a. Diplomatic!talks& b. Hostile!measures!like!retorsions!and!reprisals.& What&if&fail?&& & War! itself! may! be! waged! as! a! last! resort.! In! this! event,! the! laws! governing! the! conduct! of! the! hostilities! as! well! as! the! laws! of! neutrality,! are! enforced! mainly! through! physical! force! by! the! belligerents! and! the! neutral! states.! Violation! of! these! laws! may! also! be!punished!after!the!war!through!such!measures!as!the!prosecution! of!war!criminals!and!the!collection!of!reparations.!!! LAVIÑA&|&LEGASPI!

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QUESTION:& Can& an& individual& states& treat& the& rules& on& international& law& as& part&of&their&municipal&law?&

relations! of! states! on! the! basis! of! the! substantive! rules!they!have!agreed!to!observe!as!members!of!the! international!community.!

ANSWER:& INTERNATIONAL&LAWS&DISTICTIONS&WITH&OTHER&CONCEPTS& International!Law!is!also!to!be!distinguished!from!other!other!closely!related! concepts.! & 1.!International&morality&orðics-!those!principles!which!governs!the! relations!of!states!from!the!higher!standpoint!of!conscience,!morality,! justice!and!humanity.! ! 2.!International&comity-!those!rules!of!courtesy!observed!by!states!in! their! mutual! relations,! in! that! violations! of! its! precepts! are! not! regarded!as!constituting!grounds!for!legal!claims.!! ! 3.! International& diplomacy-! relates! to! the! objects! of! national! or! international!policy!and!the!conduct!of!foreign!affairs!or!international! relations.!!

YES!&The!rules!on!international!law! may!be! treated!by! the!individual! states!as!part!of!their!municipal!law.!! THE&LEGISLATURE&may!implement!such!rules!by!prescribing!norms!for! their!observance!and!providing!specific!penalties!for!their!violation,!as!when!it! lays!down!penal!liabilities!for!attack!of!diplomatic!representative.!! WHILE& JUDICIARY& can! play! an! important! role! in! this! regard! by! applying!the!rules!of!international!law!ex!proprio!vigore!in!proper!cases!or!the! appropriate!statutory!enactment!intended!to!implement!them.!! FUNCTIONS&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& PEACE&AND&ORDER&&

1.& PRIMARY&FUNCTION:& To!establish!peace!and!order! in! the! community! of! nations! and! to! prevent! the! employment! of! force,! including! war,! in! all! international!relations!!

FRIENDSHIP&&

2.& It! strives! as! well! to! promote! world! friendship! by! levelling!the!barriers,!as!of!color!or!creed,!that!have!so! far!obstructed!the!fostering!of!a!closer!understanding! in!the!family!of!nations.!!

COOPERATION&

3.To! encourage! and! ensure! greater! international! cooperation! in! the! solution! of! certain! common! problems! of! a! political,! economic,! cultural! or! humanitarian!character!!

RELATIONSHIP&&

4.&Aims!to!provide!for!the!orderly!management!of!the!

! 4.! International& administrative& law-! that! body! of! laws! and! regulations,! now! highly! developed,! created! by! the! action! of! international!conference!or!commissions!which!regulate!the!relations! and! activities! of! national! and! international! agencies! with! respect! to! those! material! and! intellectual! interests! which! received! an! authoritative!universal!recognition.!! PRESENT&STATE&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW& ! !

! Many!of!the!rules!of!international!law!are!rooted!in!tradition,!but!not! a!few!of!them!have!yielded!to!new!principles!brought!about!by!modern! developments!in!international!relations.! CHAPTER&2&& LAVIÑA&|&LEGASPI!

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SOURCES&OF&INTERNATIONAL&LAW&

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whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states

ART. 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice: How treaties can be considered as a direct source? The said articles provides as follows: 1.! The! court! whose!...