PL3098 Seminar 3 - Lecture notes 3 PDF

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Summary

Examine whether the Major governments continued, extended or departed by policies pursued by the Thatcher Governments? Continued: • Didn’t overturn Section 28 • Privatisation, nuclear, rail (safety, infrastructure, another franchise owns the rail), BT, less monopolies of gas and electricity - failed...

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Ex a mi newhe t he rt heMa j o rg o v e r nme nt sc o nt i nue d, e x t e nde do rde par t e dbypo l i c i e spur s ue dbyt heTha t c he r Go v e r nme nt s ? Cont i nue d: •Di dn ’ to v e r t ur nSe c t i on28 •Pr i v a t i s a t i on,nuc l e a r ,r a i l( s a f e t y ,i nf r a s t r uc t ur e ,a not he rf r a nc hi s eo wnst her a i l ) ,BT,l e s s monopol i e sofga sa nde l e c t r i c i t y-f a i l e donRo y a lMa i lduet ot r a di t i ona l ,wor r i e dl oc a l pos toffic e swoul dc l os edo wn •Tr a deUni onr e f or m •Al otha sbe e npr i v a t i s e da l r e a d y •NHSt r us t ,ma r k e tme c ha ni s m,c l e a ni n gs e r v i c e s-c a mei nl a t e90s , a ndputt he mi npl a c e •PFI •Ci t i z e nsCha r t e r-mor ec hoi c e ,publ i cs e r v i c e sa r efinebutmor ea c c ount a bi l i t y ,l e a guet a bl e s , t r a i nf a r e sc a n( Note v e r y onebo ughti nt oi t ,wa s n ’ tar e a lv ot ewi nne r )-c one shot l i ne ( r i n gupa nda s kwha t supha ppe ni n gwhe nt he r e snor oa dwor ksbutc one s ,pe opl ec oul d q ue s t i ona ut hor i t y) •Ba c kt oBa s i c s-e mpha s i sont r a di t i ona lv a l ue s-r e s pons ea sar i s et oc r i me ,Chi l dSuppor t Ag e nc ywhi c hf a i l s ,r e s pe c tf ora ut hor i t y ,s t a nda r ds& di s c i pl i ne •Ta xc ont i nue st of a l l( I nc ome ) ,i ndi r e c tt a x e sr i s e( VAT)1993or94budg e tVATo nf ue l Ext e nde d: De pa r t e d: •Ma a s t r i c tTr e a t y-c ommonde f e nc ea ndc ur r e nc y •ERM -Ma j orwoul ds a yy e si twa sduet oc ont r ol l i n gMone t a r i s m,Tha t c he rnobe c a us ei t c oul dl e a dt ot hes i n gl ec ur r e nc y I sMa j or i s m aTha t c he r i t e ,i si tpa r tofas e c ondpha s e ? Ar et he r ec a s e swhe r eher odeba c kf r omTha t c he r i s m Di dhec a r r yondoi n gwha tTha t c he rdi d, pr i v a t i s a t i on,we l f a r es t a t er e f or m? Di dhedoa n yt hi n gdi s t i nc t i v e ?Ma j or i s m? Ba c kt oba s i c s , c i t i z e nsc ha r t e r ? Whe r edi dMa j orr uni nt ot r oubl e ,f a ul tl i ne sofTha t c he r i s m?ERM I nc r e me nt a lr a t he rt ha nr a di c a lc ha n g eorwa si tmor ec r i s i sma na g e me nt Ma j orl e s si de ol o gi c a l ,mor es t a t e c r a f t Ma j orf a c e sadi ffic ul ta c t , Tha t c he rs uc c e e de di nmos tofhe rr e ga r ds ,Ma j ort r i e st os e thi so wn i de a sbutt he yne v e rc a t c hon( Ba c kt oBa s i c s ,Ci t i z e nsCha r t e r )duet oq ue s t i onsi fy ouc ont i nue wi t hTha t c he r i s m orOneNa t i on Ha st ogr a ppl ewi t hi ne qua l i t ya nds oc i a ldi vi s i on

'This paper also asserts that a permanent neo-liberal revolution occurred within British conservatism - initially under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher and reached its culmination under the leadership of John Major’ - Matt Beech ht t p : / / n ot t i n g ha m. a c . uk / c bp/ c e n t r e a c t i vi t i e s / pa s t e v e n t s / ne ol i b wo r k s h o p/ p a pe r s . a s p x

Stephen Farrell and Colin Hay (eds.) The Legacy of Thatcherism

Quot e

P a g e N o .

Gr ounde di nNe wRi ghti de ol o gyt heg o v e r nme nt sofbot hTha t c he ra ndMa j orpur s ue d a nde na c t e dac ohe r e ntpol i t i c a la g e ndawhi c hwa sa l wa y sr e c o gni s a bl yi de ol o gi c a lt e r ms 1 ofi t sc ont e nt( He ffe r na n, 2000,vi i iHe ffe r n a nR.( 2000)Ne wLa boura ndTha t c he r i s m.4 Ba s i ng s t oke :Ma c mi l l a n)

Mor e o v e r ,c ont r o v e r s i a lt houg hi tundoubt e dl yi s ,bot ha ut hor ss e et heMa j ora ndBl a i r g o v e r n me nt sa si nhe r i t or soft heTha t c he r i t ema nt l e( s e ea l s oJ e nki ns ,2007) .

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Tha t c he r i s m,i ns of a ra si tt e ndst obede fine da ta l l ,i st ypi c a l l yde fine di ni de a t i ona l 6 t e r ms .I nma n ya c c ount si ti s ,i ne ffe c t , t hei mpl e me nt a t i oni nBr i t a i nofNe wRi ghti de a s .7 Ga mbl e( 1989: 5)s umma r i s e st het e ne t soft heNe wRi ghta sf ol l o ws ;s t a t ei nt e r v e nt i on doe snotwor k,a l t e r na t i v e st ot hema r k e ta r efla we d, g o v e r nme ntf a i l ur ei smor ec ommon t ha nma r k e tf a i l ur ea ndi ndi vi dua lc i t i z e n ’ sr i ght sa r el i k e l yt obevi ol a t e db ya n yt hi n g ot he rt ha nt hemos tmi ni ma loff or msofs t a t ei nt e r v e nt i on.Ast hi ss ug g e s t s ,c a l lt o Tha t c he r i s m wa sar e duc e dr ol eoft hes t a t e( Ga mbl e , 1989,p. 7) .Thi swa sr e fle c t e di n t hea v o we dpr i v a t i s a t i onofk e ys e r vi c e shi t he r t opr o vi de db yt hes t a t es i nc et hel a t e1940s ore a r l y1950s fif t i e s .Ga mbl eg oe sont or e c ountt hepr i nc i pa lob j e c t i v e sofpr i v a t i s a t i on: gr e a t e rf r e e dom ofc hoi c e ;gr e a t e re ffic i e nc y;t her e duc t i onoft hepubl i cs e c t orbor r o wi ng r e qui r e me nt ;r e duc t i oni nt hec os tofpubl i cs e c t orpa y;t her e mo v a lofk e yde c i s i onsf r om

Summa r y

J M Cont i n

Looka tKe Mc Anul l a ‘ I mpl e me n De fini n g

t hepol i t i c a la r e naa l t o g e t he r ;i nc r e a s es ha r e do wne r s hi pa mong s tt hec i t i z e nst hr e e ;t he pr omo t i onofl i be r a l i s a t i ona ndc ompe t i t i on;a ni nc r e a s ei na c t i v ec i t i z e nr ya nda r e duc t i onofs t a t ede pe nde nc y( 1989: 11) .Tot hi sLe s s( 2001: 3)a ddst hede s i r et oma k e t hes t a t es e r v ebus i ne s si nt e r e s t s ,r e mode lt hef or me r si nt e r na lope r a t i onst obe c omemor e l i ket hel e t t e r sa ndt or e duc et heg o v e r nme nte xpos ur et opol i t i c a lpr e s s ur ef r om t he e l e c t or a t e .Ma r wi c k( 2003:241)No t e sa l s ot ha tTha t c he r i s me xpr e s s e do v e rhos t i l i t y t o wa r ds1960 ss t y l e‘ pe r mi s s i v e ne s s ’ . I mpor t a ntc ha n g e si nt hes t r u c t ur eoft heUKe c onomywi l lpur pos e f u l l ybr ou ghta bout b yTh a t c he rg o v e r nme ntbe t we e n1979a nd1997.Ec onomyt heTha t c he rg o v e r nme nt i nhe r i t e di n1979a ts t r a i ghtc a pi t a la nde x c ha ng ec ont r ol si npl a c e ,wa s20% o wne db y t hes t a t e , a ndi nc l ude dpo we r f u lt r a deuni onst ha tha ddi r e c t l yc ont r i but e dt ot hede mi s e oft het wopr e vi ousg o v e r nme nt s . Thee c onomyt hema j org o v e r nme ntl e f tbe hi ndwa s c ha r a c t e r i s e db yf ul lc a pi t a la c c ountc on v e r t i bi l i t y , v e r yf e ws t a t e o wne di ndus t r i e s ,a nd r e l a t i v e l ywe a kt r a deuni ons . TheTha t c he rg o v e r nme nta bol i s he da l lc a pi t a la nde x c ha ng ec ont r ol si nOc t obe r1979. The ypur s ue dac ompr e he ns i v epr i v a t i s a t i onpr o gr a mf r om t hes e c ondt e r m.Be t we e n 1980a nd1990t heTha t c he rg o v e r nme nt ' spa s te i ghtl a wspl a c i n gne wr e s t r i c t i onson t r a deuni onsi nr e ga r dt os t r i kea c t i on,pi c ke t i n g, i nt e r n a lor g a ni s a t i on,a ndt hec l os e d s hop.I n1997,t hepol i t i c a lpa r a me t e r sofde ba t ea boutt hee c onomyha ds hi f t e ds uc ht ha t c a pi t a lc ont r ol s , na t i ona l i s a t i on,a ndt r a deuni onl a wwi l lnotpa r toft hepol i t i c a lde ba t e .

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Cor eTha t c

Compa r a t i v es t r a i ght ne s sofe mpl o yme ntpr ot e c t i onl e gi s l a t i onb yOECDs ynt he t i c i ndi c a t or Br i t a i ns t a y e dt hes a me ,0. 6% be t we e n1990a nd1997 Sour c e :OECDEmpl o yme nta ndLa bourMa r k e tSt a t i s t i c s

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J M Cont i n

I nDa vi d( 2003)a na na l y s i sa nd‘ pe r i odi s a t i on ’ofe c onomi ca nds oc i a lc ha n gef r om t he v a nt a g epoi ntoft hee a r l yt we nt y fir s tc e nt ur ywa spr e s e nt e d,a r gui n gt ha tt heMa j or a dmi ni s t r a t i onswe r ei ne ffe c tac ont i nua t i onofTha t c he r i s m buti nr a pi dl yc ha n gi n g e c onomi ct i me sa ndfina nc i a lc r i s i s .The r ewe r emor emo v e st o wa r dst hef r e ema r ke t t hr ou gh,f ore xa mpl e ,t hei nt r oduc t i onofv ouc he r sf orpubl i cs e r v i c e s .Thi swa sas i gna l off ur t he rpr i v a t i s a t i ona ndt her i s eofNe ol i be r a l i s m( Da vi d,2003:133) Enou ghfina le l e c t i onbr oa dc a s tont hee v eoft he1979e l e c t i on,Tha t c he rr e f e r r e dt o ' f e e l i ngs a f ei nt hes t r e e t s ’( Ri dde l l ,1985;193) .Pr i ort ot ha t ,s hec l a i me dt ha tt hec ount r y wa nt e d' l e s st a xa ndmor el a wno r de r ’( Sa v a g e ,1990:89) . Shea l s os t a t e dt ha ts hewoul d‘ ne v e r …e c onomi s eonl a wa ndor de r ’( Sa v a g e ,1990:91) . Shewa sa l s oi nf a v ourofc a pi t a lpuni s hme nt( Tha t c he r ,1993:91) .Suc hs e nt i me nt sc a n bei nt e r p r e t e da sade s i r ef oraCJ Swhi c hdi dnote mbr a c epe na lwe l f a r i s m, f a v our i t e

J M Cont i n Da vi d, M. Fe mi ni s ms St ok e onT

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J M Expa n Mor eTha t Tha t c he r

c r i mec ont r olmode l sofpol i c i n g ,a ndwhi c ht e nde dt o wa r dsha r s he rpe na l t i e s . Al t hough‘ l a wa ndor de r ’wa sbr ou ghtt ot hef or eb yt heCons e r v a t i v e si nt he1979 g e ne r a le l e c t i onc a mpa i gn( Do wne sa ndMor ga n,1997:93)t he r ewa sv e r yl i t t l epol i c y c ha n g e . I nf a c t ,t he r ewa sano t a bl ea bs e nc eofl e gi s l a t i ononc r i mea ndt hefir s tt opos t 1979s e s s i onsofPa r l i a me nt( Wi ndl e s ha m, 1993:153) . Thepol i c ea ndc r i mi na le vi de nc ea c t1984,whi c hgr e woutofaRo y a lc ommi s s i on s t a r t e di n1978,g a v ene wr i ght st ot hos es us pe c t e dofha vi ngc ommi t t e da noffe nc e ( Wi ndl e s ha m,2001:135) . Whi l s tt hec r i mi na lJ us t i c ea c t1988e mpo we r e dt heAt t yGe nt oa pp e a la g a i ns t‘ o v e r l y l e ni e nt ’s e nt e nc e s , de s pi t et hi s ,t hepr i s onpopul a t i oni nt hi spe r i oda c t ua l l yf e l l ( Wi ndl e s ha m,1993:241)-ac ons e que nc eofe a r l yr e s t r i c t i onspl a c e dont hes e nt e nc i n g ofy oun gpe opl ef ol l o wi n gt he1982a nd1988c r i mi na lj us t i c ea c t s( Fa ul kne r2001:110) . 213: Thec r i mi na lJ us t i c ea c t1991s t r e n gt he ne dnonc us t odi a ls e nt e nc e s ,pr o vi di nggui de l i ne s f ors e nt e nc i ng ,ma ki n gc us t odi a ls e nt e nc e sonl ya v a i l a bl ei fnoot he rs e nt e nc e sc oul dbe j us t i fie da ndr e duc i ngma xi mum s e nt e nc e st he f ta ndnondome s t i cbur gl a r y( Fa ul kne r , 2001:115) Thec r i mi na lJ us t i c eBi l l1993wa sa me nde dt oa bol i s huni tfine sa nda l s or e mo v e s e nt e nc i n ggui de l i ne s .Fa ul kne r–a mo ngot he r s –i nt e r pr e t e dt hi sa ss i gna l l i ngt ha tt he g o v e r n me ntnol on g e rwa nt e dt ol i mi tt heus ei mpr i s onme nt .Ho wa r d-v e r ymuc h Tha t c he r ’ sma n( Tha t c he r ,1993:852)-Tooko v e rt hehomeoffic ei nMa y1993. Dur i n g hi sfir s ts pe e c ha shomes e c r e t a r ya tt hepa r t yc onf e r e nc e( i n1993a nddur i n gwhi c hhe c l a i me dt ha t' pr i s onwor ks ’ ) ,ho wa r dout l i ne ds e v e r a lne w‘ t ou gh ’me a s ur e s ,ma n yof whi c hbe c a mepa r toft hec r i mi na lj us t i c ea ndpubl i cor de ra c t1994.Thea c tr e s ul t e di n t hee r os i onoft her i ghtt os i l e nc e , t hei nt r odu c t i onofs e c ur et r a i ni n gf orpe r s i s t e nt j uv e ni l eoffe nde r s ,t hec r i mi na l i s a t i onofs qua t t e r sa ndde mons t r a t or s ,c ha n g e si nl a wsof e vi de nc e( Ma ki n gc on vi c t i onse a s i e r ) ,i nc r e a s e dpe na l t i e sa ndpe r i odofc us t odyt he y oun goffe nde r s ,a ndr e s t r i c t i onsont heus eofba i l( Fa ul kne r ,2001:126) 1995-J a me sBul g e rDe a t h ( Ho wa r d’ s )de s i r e dt omo v et oas y s t e m ofma nda t or ymi ni mums e nt e nc e sa ndar e t ur nt o e c onomi cut i l i t a r i a na r gume nt sonde t e r r e nc e .Fr om t hi spoi nton wa r ds ,t he r ewa sa dr a ma t i ci nc r e a s ei ni nc a r c e r a t i onr a t e( Wi ndl e s ha m, 2001:825) . 214: Fi na l l y ,i n1997,t hec r i me( s e nt e nc e s )a c twa spa s s e d. Thi sa c ti nt r oduc e dv a r i ousma nda t or ys e nt e nc e sa ndr e v e r s e de a r l i e re ffor t st or e duc e

i mpr i s onme nt( Fa ul kne r ,2001:126) Sot heob vi ouse ffor t st o' g e tt ough ’oc c ur r e da f t e rTha t c he r ' spe r i odi noffic e . ( Cr i meoc c up yi n gt hepr opor t i onoft hepol i c ya g e ndapr e s e nt e di naQue e n ’ ss pe e c h) The r ewa sal o wl e v e lofg o v e r nme nta t t e nt i ont oc r i mi na lj us t i c ebe t we e nt he1970sa nd e a r l y1990s ,we ' r ebe t we e nonea nd8% oft hec ont e ntoft hepol i c ya g e ndade di c a t e dt o t hei s s ueofl a wa ndor de r . Ho we v e r ,t hemos ts i z e a bl ee s c a l a t i oni nc onc e r noc c ur r e di nt hema j org o v e r nme nt s pr o gr a mofOc t obe r1996i nwhi c ht he r ewa saj umpt o15% oft het o t a loft heQue e ns s pe e c h.

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J M Expa n La wa ndO

Themyt hofi t s' ha r dr i ght ’a ppr oa c ht oc r i mi na lj us t i c e

2 3 0

Tha t c he rn

I fbr oa d‘ Tha t c he r i t e ’ma c r oe c onomi cpol i c yi sde fine db ya ni de ol ogi c a lc ommi t me ntt o pr i c es t a bi l i t y , b yt hee ndoft he1980st heUKha dt hel e a s tTha t c he ra ppr oa c hofa n yEC s t a t e .I fi ns pe c i ficpol i c yt e r msa‘ Tha t c he r i t e ’a ppr oa c hi sde fine db yus i n gmone t a r y pol i c yi nde pe nde nt l yoft hee x c ha n g er a t et oc ont r olt hedome s t i cmone ys uppl y , Tha t c he r ha nde do v e rt oma j orme mbe r s hi pofafix e de x c ha ng er a t er e gi mei nwhi c hmone t a r y 6 pol i c ywa sma s s i v e l yc ons t r a i ne db ya no t he rs t a t ec e nt r a l ba nk. 7

J M De pa r t Ma c r oe c o ERM

Ra t he rt ha nt heTha t c he rg o v e r nme ntha vi n gl e f tama c r oe c onomi cl e g a c y , agr e a tde a lof UKma c r oe c onomi cpol i c ys i nc e1993ha sbe e na ni mpl i c i tr e pudi a t i onoft hep r a c t i c eof t heTha t c he rg o v e r nme nt s . Theba s i cr a t eoft a xwa sr e duc e df r om 33% t o25% be t we e n1979a nd1990. Sub s e que nt l y , t heba s i cr a t ewa sf ur t he rr e duc e dunde rt hec ons e r v a t i v ea dmi ni s t r a t i ons ofJ ohnMa j ora ndt hene wLa bourAdmi ni s t r a t i onofTon yBl a i rt oi t sc ur r e ntl e v e lof 20%.

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J M Cont i n Ta x

2 1 7

J M Cont i n I ne qua l i t y

Fur t he re vi de nc ei nt hemi d90ss u gg e s t e dt ha tt hepoori nt heUKwe r eg e t t i ngpoor e r 2 ( Ti mmi ns ,2001:507) .Wi t hl on g t e r mune mpl o yme nta c a de mi ci ns omepa r t soft heUK, 1 ma n yr e s i de nt sf oundt he ms e l v e sr e l yi n gonbe ne fit sf ore xt e nde dpe r i odsoft i me ,whi c h 7 ma dewor ki n gc a s honha ndl ec l a i mi n ga ndwor ki n gmor es oc i a l l ya c c e p t a bl e .

J M Cont i n I ne qua l i t y

I nc omei ne qua l i t y( Gi nic oe ffic i e nt ) ,1970–2010 Sour c e :I ns t i t ut eoffis c a ls t udi e s ( 2012) Sl i ghtr i s eunde rMa j or( 4. 74. 8)

Nos ubs t a nt i a lc ha ng et oTheune mpl o yme nts y s t e mwa sma de , ho we v e r ,b yTha t c he r ' s s uc c e s s or .Thema j org o v e r nme nti nt e gr a t e dt hes y s t e msofi ns ur a nc ebe ne fit sa ndme a ns 8 t e s t e dbe ne fit sune mpl o y e dpe opl er e na mi n gt hebe ne fit s‘ j obs e e ke r ’ sa l l o wa nc e ’ ,a nd 2 ma ki nga l ls uppor tme a nst e s t e da f t e rs i xmont hsune mpl o yme nt .

J M Expa n Be ne fit s

Asof1991t hel e ga c yofTha t c he r i s m wa ss e v e r e l ywe a ke ne ds y s t e mofs oc i a li ns ur a nc e a ndi nc r e a s i n gl yc os t l ys oc i a la s s i s t a nc epr o gr a m, whos es a l i e nc ewa sc l e a rpr oduc toft he r i s eofpo v e r t ya c r os st hepe r i od. Thes oc i a ls e c ur i t ypol i c yoft hema j org o v e r nme ntc a n t he nbes e e na st hel i ne a rde s c e nde ntofTha t c he r i s m. I tma k emor ec ut st obe ne fit sf or une mpl o y e dpe opl e ,f ur t he runde r mi ne di ns ur a nc ebe ne fit st hes i c ka nddi s a bl e dpe opl e a ndt ookf or wa r dwha twa spe r ha pst hemos ti de al o gi c a l l ydr i v e na l lt heTha t c he r i t e pol i c i e s ,t heme a s ur et ot r yt oe nha nc et hec ont r i but i onsa bs e ntf a t he r s .

J M Cont i n Be ne fit s Chi l dSupp

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J M Cont i n Be ne fit s Pe r c e nt a g e

Thena t i ona li ns ur a nc es y s t e mf ort hos eofwor ki nga g ewa sda ma g e dunde rTha t c he ra nd f ur t he rwe a ke ne da ndJ ohnMa j or .Ea r ni n gsr e l a t e ds uppl e me nt swi l lc ut ,e nt i t l e me nt s t r a i ght e ne da ndi ns ur a nc ei sba s e da ndme a nst e s t e dune mpl o yme ntbe ne fit sa l i gne di n 1 0 t hej obs e e ke r sa l l o wa nc e .Wea t t e mptt oe xpa ndpr i v a t epe ns i onst os ubs t i t ut ef orThe 0 e ndi n goft hes t a t ee a r ni n gsr e l a t e dpe ns i onr e s ul t e di nac os t l ya ndda ma gi ngf a i l ur e , a s pr i v a t ec ompa ni e swe r ef oundt obemi s s e l l i ngpe ns i onst ot hos ewhowoul dbebe t t e roff i nt hes t a t es y s t e m( GoodeRe por t1993) .

J M Cont i n Be ne fit s

AsTha t c he rc a met opo we rt heUKs ha r eoft het op1% r os et o6% i n1979, 7% b y1984, 8% b y1988,9% b y1990,a ndt he nt he r ef ol l o we dav e r ybr i e fdi pbr a c k e t swhe nJ ohn Ma j orbe c a mepr i memi ni s t e r ) ,t he nIr i s ef ol l o wi n gma j or s1992g e ne r a le l e c t i onvi c t or y t o10% b y1993, r i s i ngq ui c kl yt one a r l y11% b y1995,12% b y1997.

J M Cont i n I ne qua l i t y

Publ i cs oc i a le xpe ndi t ur e spe r c e nt a g eofGDP UK( 1980)17% ( 1992)20% ( 1997)19%

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Ther i s i n gt r e ndsi nbot hpo v e r t ya ndi ne q ua l i t yr e v e r s e dfir s tunde rt hec ons e r v a t i v e g o v e r n me nt sofJ ohnMa j or( Cl a r ka ndGoodma n,2001:Ev a nsa ndWi l l i a ms ,2000)

2 9 Unl i keTh a t c he r ,Ma j ori ni t i a t e ds omec ha n g e st ot a c kl epo v e r t y ,notl e a s tb yfir s tl i f t i ng 6 t hef r e e z eonc hi l dbe ne fita ndt he ni nc r e a s i ngi ta bo v ei nfla t i on.

J M De pa r t Be ne fit s Li f t i n gf r e

I nc ont r a s tt ot hehi ghl yune qua li nc omegr o wt hbe t we e nr i c ha ndpoordur i n gt he Tha t c he ry e a r swhe nt hei nc ome soft hec our s efif t hgr oupha r dl ya ta l l ,dur i n gt hema j or y e a r si nc omegr o wt hwa sl o we ra c r os st hewhol epopul a t i onorwha ti nc omeg a me st he r e we r ea ppe a r e da tt hel o we re ndoft hei nc omedi s t r i but i on( Cl a r ka ndGoodma n:2001)

J M De pa r t I ne qua l i t y

2 9 6 -

2 9 7 Awhi t epa pe rone duc a t i onwa spubl i s he d,pr e s a gi n gt hec ons ol i da t i ona nde nt r e nc hme nt oft her e f or mse ns hr i ne di nt heni ne t e e ne i ght ye i ghte duc a t i onr e f or ma c t .e nt i t l e dc hoi c e a nddi v e r s i t y :ane wf r a me wor kf ors c hool s ,t heWhi t ePa pe rpr o vi de dt heba s i sf ort he ni ne t e e nni ne t yt hr e ee duc a t i ona c t ,f or ma l l yi nt r oduc e db yJ ohnPa t t e n St r e a ml i ne dt he' opt i n gout ’pr oc e s st oma k ei te a s i e ra ndq ui c ke rf ors c hool st oop toutof LEAc ont r ol Fur t he rr e duc et her ol eofLEAsi ne duc a t i onpr o vi s i on,t hea i m be i n gt ot r a ns f or mi nt o ‘ e na bl e r s ’I ' mc oor di na t e da nde duc a t i ons e r vi c e s ,r a t he rt ha ndi r e c tpr o vi de r s Pe r mi ta l ls c hoolt os pe c i a l i s ei noneormor es ub j e c t s ,a l on gs i det het e a c hi n goft hec or e s ubj e c t sa dmi ni s t e rc ur r i c ul um Es t a bl i s he d' e duc a t i ona s s oc i a t i ons ’whi c hwoul di n v e s t i ga t e‘ f a i l i ng ’s c hool s , a nddoi n g s o, c oul dde c i dea boutt hes c hoolne e de dt obet a k e noutofLEACont r ola ndbe c ome gr a nt ma i nt a i ne d-ors i mpl yc l os e do wnt og e t he r .

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J M Cont i n Educ a t i on

1 1 7

J M Cont i n Educ a t i on

Onek e yi ns t i t ut i ona li nno v a t i ona nda c t ordur...