Power Energizer Device As by Leveraging \"PEDAL\" (Manuscript) PDF

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Power Energizer Device As by Leveraging “PEDAL"

Abstract The tricycle power generator is a research project conducted to help the tricycle operators or drivers to save and conserve energy by converting their exerted force in pedaling the tricycle into an electric charge that may be used to charge devices and conserve energy in a sense that commercial electricity is no longer needed in charging small devices like cellphones, tablets, etc. To generate electricity from the tricycle to be saved in the power bank a dc motor is needed and since the output voltage of the motor is not stable and higher than the voltage needed to charge a power bank, a charging circuit to step down the voltage and a super capacitor to stabilized the flow of the voltage is needed. Then after performing the methods described in chapter three it is proven that the output is then steps down to the desired output and became stable in the presence of the super capacitor. Keywords: bicycle, tricycle, generator, pedal generator, renewable electricity

1. Introduction Tricycle is the most popular means of transport in small town and cities, especially in rural areas. Also found everywhere, especially on smaller roads for short distances, often on roads where multi-cabs or busses are not supposed to operate. It is built in a variety of styles, which differ from city to city. Most individuals that operate the tricycle are those unfortunate in life or indigent people. In order to help them lessen the expenses they spend every day, we conduct a study entitled “Power Energizer Device As by Leveraging - PEDAL”. The electricity generation or power generation is the process of generating electric power from other sources of primary energy. Electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of a wire, or disc of copper between the poles of a magnet (De Dominicis & Murray, 2017, p. 435). This study is a power generating tricycle that uses an dc motor to generate power and the generated power is stored in a power bank, where it will be used to charge devices like cellular phones, tablets and laptops. This study comprises of a tricycle body, front wheel shifter, the motor is connected to the front wheel shifter of the bike through the chains to generate electric energy, and power bank were generated electricity stored. An average “healthy human” can produce a steady 75 watts (0.1 horsepower) for a full length eight-hour period (Mudaliar & Soman, 2015, p. 201). Thus, helps those drivers to recycle or re-use the energy they had been using in the pedals. This study not just convert the exerted force of the driver but rather generate electrical charge from it and store in a power bank that used to charge devices. This project can also be used as a source of extra income. PEDAL is not just a project for development or innovation but a project researched for those unfortunate in life that has no other source of income but driving a tricycle. It also helps lessen the expenses they spend like paying electricity bills. The objectives of this study are to use the energy conducted by pedaling, the energy conducted from mechanical energy to electrical energy, to know how it was produced and the devices used to make to generate electricity and to help indigent people to have extra income using the project.

Objectives:  

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Convert the force exerted by the driver in pedaling into an electrical charge and stored it in the power bank. Use the stored energy as a power source in charging devices such as cellphones, tablets, etc. as long as its input voltage is within the range of the output of the generator. Save money in a sense that in charging small input devices, the use of commercial electricity is no longer needed.

This study was conducted to determine how electric charge generated from mechanical to electrical energy. Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. There are two types of electric charges: positive and negative. Like charges repel and unlike attract. An object is negatively charged if it has an excess of electrons, and is otherwise positively charged or uncharged (Bluejay, 2013). The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C). Mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object (Sukumaran & Purushothaman, 2014, p. 136). Electrical energy is an energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor. The study will not cover the deflation of tire, and damage tire and other parts of the bicycle. Deflated tire can cause the rim of the wheel to ride on the tire tread or the ground potentially resulting in loss of control of the vehicle or irreparable damage to the tire. The most common cause of a flat tire is puncturing of the tire by a sharp object, such as a nail, letting air escape. Depending on the size of the puncture, the tire may deflate slowly or rapidly.

2. Review of Related Studies and Literature 2.1. Related Studies Pedal Power Generation by Rajesh Kannan Megalingam, Pranav Sreedharan Veliyara, Raghavendra Murali Prabhu, Rocky Katoch This paper presents methods in generating electricity by pedaling a bicycle. It also explains in detail the method using bottle dynamo to generate power. In this study, the generator/dynamo is in contact with the wheels for it to rotate while riding. Bike-Powered Electricity Generator by Stefan Mocanu, Adrian Ungureanu, Radu Varbanescu In this study, a prototype scavenging system (dedicated to fitness/stationary bikes) to collect and (re)use this energy is presented. Specifically, the study depict the design of a low-budget system that uses existing, discrete components and is able to scavenge some of the energy spent by the biker. Bicycle-Powered Charger by Alexandra Howell The system is composed of the frame (trainer) and the charging system. The trainer is based on a standard retail bicycle trainer to enable easy transition from road use to stationary

exercise use. The charging system will be capable of charging a 12 V battery pack, which will then be able to charge multiple 5 V devices simultaneously. The bicycle wheel sets into the trainer while resting against a rotor which spins the shaft connected to a generator (a permanent magnet ATV magneto) which outputs a variable AC voltage RMS. This AC output from the generator will pass through a shunt voltage regulator and a boost power inverter, which connects to a removable battery pack capable of charging during system operation and stores charge for use after operation. Generating Electricity through Pedal Power by Gordana Laštovička-Medin The Pedal Operated Power Generator is a type of generators in which the source of mechanical power is provided by the human effort while spinning a shaft, with its corresponding angular speed (ωhuman) and torque (Thuman). This is a stationary pedaling system, where the generator is connected to the rotating wheel. Generation of Power from Bicycle Pedal by B.Sneha, Dr.M.Damodar Reddy In this system, the bicycles’ pedal is connected to the rotor of the generator. As person go on pedaling, the rotor also rotates thus producing dc power. It then regulates the DC so that it will be converted to AC. 2.2. Related Literature DC Motor A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical machines that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current flow in part of the motor. DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles, elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications. Electromechanical Motor A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it. A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects

the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.) The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a torque on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air. Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage. Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder drives for mine hoists, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable frequency drives. If external mechanical power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on hybrid and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy. Super Capacitor A supercapacitor (SC), also called an ultracapacitor, is a high-capacity capacitor with a capacitance value much higher than other capacitors, but with lower voltage limits, that bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries. It typically stores 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerates many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries.

Supercapacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid charge/discharge cycles, rather than long term compact energy storage — in automobiles, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used for regenerative braking, short-term energy storage, or burst-mode power delivery. Smaller units are used as memory backup for static random-access memory (SRAM)

3. Methodology The researchers based their study from the concept of converting Mechanical Energy to Electrical Energy. PEDAL does that by pedaling and the exerted force by the driver is converted to electrical energy by the means of a dc motor. The dc motor is the one who is responsible for the generation of electricity. The generated electricity then will enter the power supply circuit so that the voltage will be suited for the power bank to charge smartphones, laptops, tablets, etc. PEDAL is chosen by the researchers because of its flexibility, facile to build and its impact on the modern society where most of the people are engaged on technological innovations. This portion will justify the purpose and vigor of our device. All of these will help in making the device as well as formulating a conclusion. This will cover the research design, method and the procedure of creating the device. All of these will be shown below. 3.1. Block Diagram

The source of electricity is from pedaling a tricycle where the dc motor is the one that convert the exerted force of the driver into a useful form of energy such as electrical energy then the voltage will be filtered in the filter capacitor and enters the Regulator in order for the voltage output to be suitable in the power bank and the super capacitor is the one that will stabilize the voltage in order for the power bank to charge continuously. The energy stored in the powerbank will be used then for charging.

3.2. Schematic Diagram

The motor will get an input from the source then convert the input mechanical energy from the rotating wheel into electrical energy. Basically, a dc current since we are using dc motor. Then the voltage will enter the filter capacitor so that all the voltage that will enter the regulator is in the amount suitable for the regulator. The voltage filtered will now proceed to the regulator. We are using a 7805 regulator to have a constant output voltage of +5 volts and the Super Capacitor will stabilize the voltage so that it will continuously charge the power bank. 3.3. System Requirements Tricycle – the tricycle is the one that is innovated where in its turning wheel the components are place and mechanized since our project is about saving and storing electricity. Front Wheel Shifter – holds the chain for the back-wheel sprocket and also connected to the reel of the dc motor. Power Bank – where the generated electricity is being stored. DC Motor – is the one that converts energy from mechanical to electrical through the armature. Power supply circuit – the one that regulates the voltage so that it is stable before entering the power bank. Chain – this is used to connect the reel of the motor and front wheel shifter.

4. Results 4.1. Output voltage per revolutions Pedalling revolutions 0.3 cycle per second 0.5 cycle per second 0.8 cycle per second 1 cycle per second

Output voltage 8.1V 8.9V 9.7V 12.2V

In the first test, we use 1 cycle per second and produces an output voltage of 8.1V. Then we’ve tried 2 cycle per seconds and produces 8.9V. Then 3 cycle per seconds and produces 9.7V. Then lastly, 4 cycle per seconds and it produces 12.2V.

4.2. Time it takes to fully charge a battery of 1000mAh from 50% battery Pedalling revolutions 0.3 cycle per second 0.5 cycle per second 0.8 cycle per second 1 cycle per second

Number of minutes 113 mins. 83 mins. 53 mins. 36 mins.

In the first test, we use 1 cycle per second and takes 113 mins. to fully charge an 80% battery. Then we’ve tried 2 cycle per seconds and takes 83 mins. Then 3 cycle per seconds and takes 53 mins. Then lastly, 4 cycle per seconds and takes 36 mins.

5. Discussions In the first attempt of the group to generate an electric charge from the motor and regulate its output to be suited in the input voltage of the power bank were then successful. But the first problem that the system encountered is that whenever the wheel of the tricycle stops, the charging of the power bank also stops. And it’s not good for the power bank itself because it will seem that it is being plug in and plug out whenever the driver takes a break. It may cause its destruction if we just let the system as it is. But since we are engineering practitioner we came up with a solution. By the use of super capacitor or memory capacitor we placed it parallel to the terminals were the power bank will be connected. The super capacitor or memory capacitor is a high-capacity electrochemical capacitor with capacitance values much higher than other capacitors (but lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries (Rawale & Kamble, 2015, p. 342). They typically store 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors, can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries. They are however 10 times larger

than conventional batteries for a given charge. With this kind of capacitor, the stable charging of the power bank is assured. In attaching the motor to the tricycle, we just cut a cylindrical metallic tube and have a wielding machine to attach it to the back-wheel portion of the tricycle for the motor to be stable. This study has two significant contributions. First is to generate and reuse the energy exerted by the driver or the operator for the devices that are in range with its output. Second is to save money or conserve energy because the use of commercial electricity is no longer needed if this project will be in use. Like the studies of wind mill, hydroelectric conversions and many more electric generating studies, tricycle power generator indicates that it can provide sufficient amount of electricity to charge devices were input power is in range with the output of the generator. The tricycle power generator therefore will be helpful to the user of the tricycle because it can help charge their devices for free. With this innovation, the driver of the tricycle equipped with PEDAL, can also get an extra income by introducing a charging station to their passenger while they are riding. Well, it is still possible even for a short period of time especially for a very low-battery cellphone which needs an immediate charging for some emergency situation. Or they can also introduce a mobile charging station in which a person with low-battery cellphone can rent a tricycle to have their phone charge while touring around. Well, the paid amount for charging may depend in either the distance of travel, or the time duration of charging. In addition to their charging station, they can also use it for their own good as with bicycle users, like charging their own electronic devices such as cellphones, flashlights, and any other useful devices while they are riding. This innovation is effective than others in terms of marketability since it can benefit the general types of people. It...