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CRIM1000 PRACTICE EXAM

There are 50 questions to be completed in this examination. The questions are based on the assigned readings and the material covered during lectures and tutorials. Please use the attached answer sheet to record your answers. 1. One of the fundamental principles of the Classical School of Criminology is that punishment should be based on the concept of retribution. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 2. The model of criminal law making which holds that shared interests and values exist in defining certain behaviours as criminal is known as: 1. a) the human rights model. 2. b) the conflict model. 3. c) the Marxist model. 4. d) none of the above. 3. The Classical School of Criminology provides a substantial foundation for part of our understanding of crime. The Classical School supports which of the following: 1. a) punishment based on the criminal act. 2. b) criminals have free will and choose crime. 3. c) the abolition of capital punishment. 4. d) all of the above. 4. According to ______________, “a society without crime is not possible”. 1. a) Emile Durkheim 2. b) Travis Hirschi 3. c) Cesare Beccaria 4. d) Edwin Sutherland 5. According to twin studies, monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates for offending behaviour than dizygotic twins. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 6. According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which adaptation to social structural strain most often results in crime? 1. a) Ritualism. 2. b) Innovation. 3. c) Responsivity. 4. d) Rebellionism. Page 2 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

7. The perspective, leads, the sociologist/criminologist to inquire into people’s interpretations of, and responses to, their interaction with others. 1. a) conflict 2. b) interactionist 3. c) functionalist 4. d) none of the above 8. Which criminological theory argues that adverse social reactions to improper behaviour can have the effect of stigmatising the deviant and changing his or her self-concept? 1. a) Biological Positivism. 2. b) Marxism.

3. c) Labelling. 4. d) Liberation/ Theory. 5. e) None of the above. 9. According to ____________, a large proportion of serious offenders are best understood as born criminals and atavistic throwbacks. 1. a) Emile Durkheim 2. b) Cesare Beccaria 3. c) Karl Marx 4. d) Cesare Lombroso 10. Who introduced the concept of primary and secondary deviance? 1. a) Marvin Wolfgang. 2. b) Edwin Lemert. 3. c) Gresham Sykes. 4. d) Albert Cohen. 5. e) None of the above. 11. Female criminality has been historically overlooked because: 1. a) the study of crime has historically been male-dominated. 2. b) many criminologists believed that the processes causing crime and delinquency did not differ between male and females. 3. c) there was a perception that female crime was not serious enough to warrant independent examination. 4. d) all of the above. Page 3 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

12. One method for separating the influence of inherited traits from environmental conditions in understanding crime and delinquency is to use: 1. a) intelligence studies. 2. b) adoption studies. 3. c) pedigree studies. 4. d) somatotype studies. 13. The argument that the causes of criminal behaviour can be understood in terms of the socialisation and interaction of individuals with their immediate environments (i.e. families) is consistent with a(n) ________________ explanation. 1. a) social structural 2. b) biological 3. c) social process 4. d) economic 14. Examination of information on the race-crime relationship reveals that differences in participation rates of offending across racial groups reflect differential levels of involvement across groups and differential selection/ enforcement practices by the police. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 15. According to ________________________, the age/crime curve is ‘invariant’ and reflects an ‘aging out’ process. 1. a) Alfred Blumstein

2. b) Cesare Beccaria 3. c) Terrie Moffitt 4. d) Mike Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi 16. According to social disorganisation theory, rapid structural changes in urban areas (i.e. increased industrialisation) may lead to increases in crime and other social problems in the area of a city near the central business district. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 17. According to Edwin Sutherland, differential social organisation refers to the process by which normative conflict at the neighbourhood level gives rise to an increasing level of exposure to competing definitions about the rightfulness and wrongfulness of crime. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. Page 4 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

18. According to Travis Hirschi, an individual’s attachment to their peers is more important than their attachments to parents and school. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 19. ______________ is the perspective that draws parallels between city life and biological communities. The argument is, that just like a biological eco-system, individuals living in a city struggle for their survival in an interrelated, mutually dependent community. 1. a) Labelling 2. b) Classicism 3. c) Biological Positivism 4. d) Urban Ecology 5. e) None of the above 20. According to James Wilson and Richard Herrnstein, the age-crime relationship is best understood as a natural part of the life-cycle. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 21. According to _________________, the relationship between IQ and crime/delinquency is mediated by school performance. 1. a) Gresham Sykes and Edwin Sutherland 2. b) Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang 3. c) Edwin Sutherland and Michael Hindelang 4. d) Hans Eysenck and Travis Hirschi 22. Carol Smart’s publication ‘Women, Crime and Criminology’, is considered to be a founding feminist criminological work. Freda Adler and Kathleen Daly published two other founding feminist works in 1975. These books were entitled ‘Sisters in Crime: The Rise of the New Female Criminal’ and ‘Women and Crime’. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 23. According to _____________, Merton’s strain theory is actually two separate theories one explaining individual level criminal behaviour and one explaining societal level crime rates. 1. a) T alcott Parsons 2. b) Travis Hirschi 3. c) Francis Cullen 4. d) Michael Hindelang

Page 5 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

24. Which of the following statements represent the general ideas of Positivist theories of criminology? 1. a) Behaviour is determined by factors that are outside the individual’s control. 2. b) Criminality cannot be linked to the biological, social and psychological characteristics of individuals who engage in crime. 3. c) The certainty and severity of criminal punishments affect criminal behaviour. 4. d) None of the above. 25. Which of the following is not a criticism of the suggested link between IQ and criminality? 1. a) IQ tests do not measure intelligence, only other factors such as academic development, reading ability and test-wiseness. 2. b) IQ tests are developed by the dominant class as a way of maintaining the social order. 3. c) Differences in IQ may be the result of environmental and/or genetic influences. 4. d) IQ tests are culturally biased against minority groups. 26. Ian Taylor, Paul Walton and Jock Young’s book ‘ ‘, was described in lectures as “the most significant criminological text published since World War Two.” 1. a) Theoretical Criminology 2. b) Outsiders 3. c) The New Criminology 4. d) Criminology at the Crossroads 5. e) None of the above 27. Who said that “...the ordinary female criminal is particularly unnatural, she is masculine and virile and shows no inversion to all the qualities which specially distinguished the normal women; namely reserve, docility and sexual apathy”? 1. a) Howard Becker. 2. b) Edwin Lemert. 3. c) Cesare Lombroso. 4. d) Edwin Sutherland. 5. e) None of the above. 28. Which of the following is the most reliable predictor of crime and criminality? 1. a) Race/ethnicity. 2. b) Socio-economic status. 3. c) Gender. 4. d) Age. Page 6 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

29. Karl Marx argued that the objective of law in capitalist societies is to consolidate the wealth and power of the elite whom make the law. 1. a) True. 2. b) False. 30. Which of the following shows the ascending order of recorded car theft offences across Australian states and territories?

Table 2: Recorded offences per 100,000 population by state/territory, 1998

Offence

NSW Vic

Qld

SA

WA

Tas

NT

ACT

Australi a

Homicide

1.9

2.1

1.7

2.1

1.9

8.4

0.3

1.8

Assault

933.8 377.0 529.9 1000.8 905.0 472.8 1317.4 540.5 709.2

1.0

Sex Assault 71.0. 63.7

99.0

88.1

Robbery

210.1 64.3

73.2

112.1 147.3 39.6

Burglary

2710.1 1514.5 2192.8 2201.6 3259.8 3033.6 2671.2 1813.2 2323.8

Car theft

833.12 634.35 454.08 738.34 880.21 633.86 508.47 786.93 701.8

Theft

2774.0 2694.1 2775.8 3673.5 4471.4 2939.7 3542.8 3456.7 3014.8

1. 2. 3. 4.

a) b) c) d)

99.8

45.8

123.7 27.9

77.7

43.2

126.8

94.7

NSW; Vic; Qld; SA; WA; Tas; NT; ACT. Qld; NT; Tas; Vic; SA; ACT; NSW; WA. WA; NSW; ACT; SA; Vic; Tas; NT; Qld. Qld; NT; Tas; SA; Vic; ACT; NSW; WA.

31. In 1953, _____________ argued that marijuana use initially occurs through coming into contact with other users, after which experimentation with the drug takes place and eventually, a person will be accepted by and absorbed into, the marijuana subculture.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a) b) c) d) e)

Edwin Sutherland Richard Quinney Howard Becker Edwin Lemert None of the above

Page 7 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

32. By 1971, the influence of____________ and_____________ theory on the criminologist Richard Quinney was very obvious. 1. a) Durkheim, conflict

2. b) Marx, interactionist 3. c) Marx, functionalist 4. d) Durkheim, functionalist 5. e) Marx, conflict 33. According to _______________, high crime rates in the zone of transition can be explained in part by a break down in social control within the neighbourhood. 1. a) Edwin Lemert and Howard Becker 2. b) Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang 3. c) Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay 4. d) William Sheldon and Henry Goddard 34. Who said that “...social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of an act the person commits, but rather the consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’. The deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label”. 1. a) Howard Becker. 2. b) Clifford Shaw. 3. c) William Sheldon. 4. d) Michael Hindelang. 5. e) None of the above. 35. That society should be studied as a whole and not be isolated into component parts was fundamental to the approach taken by _________________, _________________ and _________________. 1. a) Henri Saint Simon, Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim 2. b) Edwin Sutherland, Howard Becker and Cesare Beccaria 3. c) Henri Saint Simon, Emile Lombroso and Emile Durkheim 4. d) Auguste Comte, Emile Lombroso and Cesare Beccaria 36. Emile Durkheim argued that anomie is caused by: 1. a) the forced division of labour. 2. b) living in the zone of transition. 3. c) negative interpersonal relationships. 4. d) all of the above. 5. e) none of the above. Page 8 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

37. _____________ should be kept in mind when assessing the reliability of offender based self-report studies. 1. a) Under reporting 2. b) Over reporting 3. c) Misinterpretation of the questions being asked in the self-report survey 4. d) All of the above 38. The passage of the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act (1961) in the United States was based on a comprehensive action program developed by ______________. 1. a) William Sheldon and Sheldon Glueck 2. b) Karl Schuessler and Donald Cressey 3. c) Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin 4. d) Robert Merton and Clifford Shaw 39. John Braithwaite is known for creating which theoretical concept? 1. a) The criminal career. 2. b) Differential association.

3. c) Reintegrative shaming. 4. d) The behaviour of law. 40. Many theories of criminal behaviour assume that people naturally obey the law if left to their own devices, and argue that there are special forces – either biological, psychological, or social – that drive people to commit crime. ______________ take the opposite approach. 1. a) Strain/Anomie theories 2. b) Ecological theories 3. c) Control theories 4. d) Feminist theories 5. e) All of the above 41. In 1934, ____________ argued that criminal behaviour is caused by associating with other people who transmit ‘definitions’ that favour violations of the law. 1. a) Clifford Shaw 2. b) Henry McKay 3. c) Robert Merton 4. d) Edwin Sutherland 5. e) None of the above Page 9 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

42. In lectures it was stated that the development of the Positivist school of criminological thought can be seen as a reaction to what was considered, at the time, to be armchair philosophy and theorising from the ______________ school of thought. 1. a) Medieval 2. b) Darwinian 3. c) Classical 4. d) Christian 5. e) Positivist 43. In his 1969 book entitled Causes of Delinquency who argued that it is not necessary to explain the motivation for crime since we “are all animals and thus all naturally capable of committing criminal acts”? 1. a) Travis Hirschi. 2. b) Howard Becker. 3. c) Albert Reiss. 4. d) John Braithwate. 5. e) None of the above. 44. The ‘cardinal rule’ of______________ theories is never to dismiss a criminal act as wanton or senseless or irrational, but to seek to understand the purposes of the offender in committing the offence. 1. a) differential association 2. b) cardinal 3. c) rational choice 4. d) conflict 5. e) all of the above 45. The founder of the Positivist School of Criminology was: 1. a) Howard Becker. 2. b) Charles Darwin. 3. c) Auguste Comte. 4. d) Henri Saint Simon. 5. e) none of the above. 46. “Can the same theories be used to explain male and female offending, or are separate theories needed?” This statement is a reflection of which of the following?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

a) b) c) d) e)

The gender ratio problem. The generalisability problem. The gender imbalance problem. All of the above. None of the above.

Page 10 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

47. Law and criminal justice during the medieval period was heavily influenced by: 1. a) science. 2. b) religion. 3. c) sociology. 4. d) psychology. 5. e) all of the above. 48. The ‘chemistry of crime’ comprises these elements: 1. a) a motivated offender. 2. b) a motivated offender and suitable target. 3. c) a motivated offender, suitable target and absence of a capable guardian. 4. d) a motivated offender, suitable target and absence of a capable guardian that come together during every day legal activities. 5. e) none of the above. 49. Do the definitions of crime and deviance differ? 1. a) No, crime and deviance can both be defined as behaviour that is always considered immoral. 2. b) Yes, crime is highly destructive behaviour while deviance is only slightly destructive behaviour. 3. c) Yes, crime is a legal violation while deviance violates social norms. 4. d) No, crime reflects a state of anomie in society while deviance reflects a need for social change. 50. Police statistics on crime in Australia show that women are more likely than men to be victimised in a violent way.

1. a) True. 2. b) False.

END OF EXAMINATION. Page 11 of 12 Semester One Sample Exam, 2016 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

Multiple Choice Answers

1. b 26. c

2. d 27. c

3. d 28. c

4. a 29. a

5. a 30. b

6. b 31. c

7. b 32. e

8. c 33. c

9. d 34. a

10. b 35. a

11. d 36. a

12. b 37. d

13. c 38. c

14. a 39. c

15. d 40. c

16. a 41. d

17. a 42. c

18. b 43. a

19. d 44. c

20. a 45. e

21. b 46. b

22. b 47. b

23. c 48. c

24. a 49. c

25. c 50. b

END.

1. According to Cohen and Felson’s routine activities theory, increases in crime are due to:

1. a) growing levels of poverty. 2. b) more attractive targets. 3. c) an increase in motivated offenders. 4. d) increasing employment levels. 2. In following concept: his reformulation of differential association theory, Ronald Akers added the

1. a) risk prediction. 2. b) differential reinforcement. 3. c) social bonding. 4. d) working class; residential; suburban; commuter. 3. Stanley Cohen argued that in the creation of a moral panic, a suitable enemy was: 1. a) a strong powerful target. 2. b) a soft powerless target. 3. c) any available target. 4. d) none of the above. 4. A possible limitation of data from victimisation surveys is: 1. a) not all crimes are recorded by the police. 2. b) laws change, so the crimes that police record also change over time. 3. c) some police forces are larger, and having more officers means detecting and recording more crime. 4. d) none of the above.

5. The Classical School of Criminology grew out of the application of rational scientific methodology to the problem of crime at a time of great social change. Which of the following was a main aim of classical criminology? 1. a) To reform offenders. 2. b) To improve the administration of criminal justice. 3. c) To introduce more punitive forms of punishment. 4. d) To improve social conditions. 6. Some of the "techniques of neutralisation" used by criminal offenders include the denial of responsibility, the denial of injury as well as the: 1. a) denial of opportunity. 2. b) appeal to higher loyalties. 3. c) denial of safe escape. 4. d) none of the above. Page 2 of 11 Semester One Sample Exam, 2015 CRIM1000 Introduction to Criminology

7. Which theorist(s) would argue that the relationship between age and crime is invariant, holding across the life course and holds across persons, regions, and time periods? 1. a) Alfred Blumstein. 2. b) John Laub and Robert Sampson. 3. c) Terrie Moffitt. 4. d) Mike Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. 8. Tim does not get along well with his parents. He spends a lot of time after school playing soccer. When it is not soccer season, he is active with a local drama group. He does these activities mostly for fun, though...he’s not really interested in these activities as a career goal. According to Hirschi’s Social Control Theory, what element of the bond to society is strong? 1. a) Attachment. 2. b) Involvement. 3. c) Commitment. 4. d) Intensity.

9. According to Merton’s strain explanation of crime, which adaptation to structural strain is most likely to result in crimes, such as robbery? 1. a) Innovation. 2. b) Responsivity. 3. c) Rebellion. 4. d) Retreatism. 10. According to Sutherland & Cressey (1974), criminology is: “the body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena. It includes within its scope the processes of making laws, of breaking laws, and of ___________ the breaking of laws.”

1. a) correction of 2. b) punishment regardin...