PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Second Edition PDF

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Second Edition Herbert Taub Donald L. Schilling Professors of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York Jurgen - Know- Bibliothek Spende der Siemens AG an den FB Elefctrotechnik McGraw-Hill Book Company New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Ha...

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Second Edition Pradeep Kumar

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PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS Second Edition

Herbert Taub Donald L. Schilling Professors of Electrical Engineering The City College of New York

Jurgen - Know- Bibliothek Spende der Siemens AG an den FB Elefctrotechnik

McGraw-Hill Book Company New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Hamburg Johannesburg London Madrid Mexico Montreal New Delhi Panama Paris Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

CONTENTS ':?

I

Preface Chapter 1 Spectral Analysis 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26

Introduction Fourier Series Exponential Form of the Fourier Series Examples of-Fourier Series The Sampling Function Response of a Linear System Normalized Power Normalized Power in a Fourier Expansion 7 Power Spectral Density Effect of Transfer Function on Power Spectral Density The Fourier Transform Examples of Fourier Transforms Convolution Parseval's Theorem Power and Energy Transfer through a Network " Bandlimiting of Waveforms Correlation between Waveforms Power and Cross Correlation Autocorrelation Autocorrelation of a Periodic Waveform Autocorrelation of Nonperiodic Waveform of Finite Energy Autocorrelation of Other Waveforms Expansions in Orthogonal Functions Completeness of an Orthogonal Set: The Fourier Series The Gram-Schmitt Procedure Correspondence between Signals and Vectors Distinguishability of Signals

xvii 1 1 2 4 4 6 8 9 11 14 15 16 17 21 23 24 25 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 41 46 ix

X CONTENTS

Chapter 2 Random Variables and Processes 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 . 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22

1

2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28

\

56

Probability Mutually Exclusive Events Joint Probability of Related and Independent Events Statistical Independence Random Variables / Cumulative Distribution Function , Probability Density Function Relation between Probability and Probability Density Joint Cumulative Distribution and Probability Density A Communications Example Average Value of a Random Variable Variance of a Random Variable Tchebycheff's Inequality The Gaussian Probability Density The Error Function The Rayleigh Probability Density Mean and Variance of the Sum of Random Variables Probability Density of Z = X + Y Correlation between Random Variables The Central-Limit Theorem Error Probability as Measured by Finite Samples Signal Determination with Noise Described by a Distribution Function Random Processes Autocorrelation Power Spectral Density of a Sequence of Random Pulses Power Spectral Density of Digital Data Effect of Rudimentary Filters on Digital Data The Complementary Error Function

57 57 58 59 60 60 62 64 65 68 72 74 75 76 77 80 82 83 85 87 89

Chapter 3 Amplitude-Modulation Systems 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13

Frequency Translation A Method of Frequency Translation Recovery of the Baseband Signal Amplitude Modulation Maximum Allowable Modulation The Square-law Demodulator Spectrum of an Amplitude-modulated Signal Modulators and Balanced Modulators Single-sideband Modulation Methods of Generating an SSB Signal Vestigial-sideband Modulation Compatible Single Sideband Multiplexing

Chapter 4 Frequency-Modulation Systems 4.1 4.2

Angle Modulation Phase and Frequency Modulation

91 95 97 99 100 105 107

113 ,

113 115 118 120 122 125 126 127 128 130 134 137 137

142 142 143

/

4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22

CONTENTS Xi

Relationship between Phase and Frequency Modulation Phase and Frequency Deviation Spectrum of an FM Signal: Sinusoidal Modulation Some Features of the Bessel Coefficients Bandwidth of a Sinusoidally Modulated FM Signal Effect of the Modulation Index p on Bandwidth Spectrum of" Constant Bandwidth" FM Phasor Diagram for FM Signals Spectrum of Narrowband Angle Modulation: Arbitrary Modulation Spectrum of Wideband FM (WBFM): Arbitrary Modulation Bandwidth Required for a Gaussian Modulated WBFM Signal Additional Comments Concerning Bandwith in WBFM FM Generation: Parameter-variation Method An Indirect Method of Frequency Modulation (Armstrong System) Frequency Multiplication Frequency Multiplication Applied to FM Signals An Example of an Armstrong FM System FM Demodulators Approximately Compatible SSB Systems Stereophonic FM Broadcasting

Chapter 5 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 ,5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19

Pulse-Modulation Systems . The Sampling Theorem: Low-pass Signals Band-pass Signals Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Channel Bandwidth for a PAM Signal Natural Sampling Flat-top Sampling Signal Recovery through Holding Quantization of Signals Quantization Error Pulse-code Modulation (PCM) Electrical Representation of Binary Digits The PCM System Companding Multiplexing PCM Signals Differential PCM DeltaModulation Adaptive Delta Modulation Vocoders (Voice Cotters) Channel Vocoder .. Linear Predictive Coder

145 146 147 148 150 153 154 155 158 159 161 162 163 165 166 167 167 169 172 173

183 183 185 .188 193 195 197 199 202 204 207 209 211 212 213 219 226 229 232 236 237 240

XII CONTENTS

Chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

6.6 6.7 6.8

6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15

Chapter 7 7.1 ,7.2

7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15

Chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7

Digital Modulation Techniques Introduction Binary Phase-Shift Keying Differential Phase-Shift Keying Differentially-Encoded PSK (DEPSK) Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) M-ary PSK Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying (QASK) Binary Frequency Shift-Keying Similarity of BFSK and BPSK M-ary FSK Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Duobinary Encoding A Comparison of Narrowband FM Systems Partial Response Signaling Amplitude Modulation of the Partial Response Signal

Mathematical Representation of Noise Some Sources of Noise A Frequency-Domain Representation of Noise The Effect of Filtering on the Probability Density v of Gaussian Noise Spectral Components of Noise Response of a Narrowband Filter to Noise Effect of a Filter on the Power Spectral Density of Noise Superposition of Noises Mixing Involving Noise Linear Filtering J Noise Bandwidth Quadrature Components of Noise Power Spectral Density of nc(t) and njit) Probability Density of nc(t), ns(t), and Their Time Derivatives Representation of Noise Using Orthonormal Coordinates Irrelevant Noise Components

Noise in Amplitude-Modulation Systems Amplitude-Modulation Receiver Advantage of the Superheterodyne Principle: Single Channel Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Double Sideband with Carrier Square-Law Demodulator The Envelope Demodulator

249 249 250 255 258 259 267 271

276 282 282 286 298 303

304 310

315 315 317 320 321 323 324 325 326 328 333 334 336 339 340 341

346 346 348 349 353 357 359 365

CONTENTS Xiii

Chapter 9 Noise in Frequency-Modulation Systems 9.K 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8

371

An FM Demodulator '' Calculation of Output Signal and Noise Powers Comparison of FM and AM Preemphasis and Deemphasis, Single Channel Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Commercial FM Broadcasting Phase Modulation in Multiplexing Comparison between FM and PM in Multiplexing Effect of Transmitter Noise

371 374 378 380 383 386 388 390

Chapter 10 Threshold in Frequency Modulation 10.1 . 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16

Threshold in Frequency Modulation Occurrence of Spikes Spike Characteristics Calculation of Threshold in an FM Discriminator Calculation of Mean Time between Spikes Effect of Modulation . The Phase-Locked Loop Analysis of the Phase-Locked Loop Stable and Unstable Operating Points Spike Suppression Second-Order Phase-Locked Loop Output SNR of a Phase-Locked Loop' The FM Demodulator Using Feedback Threshold Extension Using the FMFB Bit Synchronizer Carrier Recovery

394

>

Chapter 11 Data Transmission 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.10 11.11 . 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17

A Baseband Signal Receiver Probability of Error The Optimum Filter White Noise: The Matched Filter Probability of Error of the Matched Filter Coherent Reception: Correlation Phase-Shift Keying Frequency-Shift Keying • Noncoherent Detection of FSK Differential PSK Four Phase PSK (QPSK) Use of Signal Space to Calculate Pe Calculation of Error Probability for BPSK and BFSK Error Probability for QPSK The Union Bound Approximation Bit-by-Bit Encoding versus Symbol-by-Symbol Encoding Relationship between Bit Error Rate and Symbol Error Rate

394 397 400 402 404 407 411 415 418 419 422 424 427 429 431 434

441 441 444 446 450 452 454 455 457 459 459 460 463 464 468 469 474 475

XIV CONTENTS

11.18 11.19 11.20

Probability of Error in a Quadrature Partial Response (QPR) System Probability of Error of Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) Comparison of Modulation Systems

Chapter 12 Noise in Pulse-Code and Delta-Modulation Systems /

12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14

PCM Transmission Calculation of Quantization Noise The Output-Signal Power The Effect of Thermal Noise The Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio in PCM Delta Modulation (DM) Quantization Noise in Delta Modulation The Output-Signal Power Delta-Modulation Output-Signal-to-Quantization-Noise Ratio Delta Pulse-Code Modulation (DPCM) The Effect of Thermal Noise in Delta Modulation Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Delta Modulation Comparison of PCM and DM The Space Shuttle ADM

Chapter 13 Information Theory and Coding 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23

Discrete Messages The Concept of Amount of Information Average Information, Entropy Information Rate Coding to Increase Average Information per Bit Shannon's Theorem, Channel Capacity Capacity of a Gaussian Channel Bandwidth-S/N Tradeoff Use of Orthogonal Signals to Attain Shannon's Limit Efficiency of Orthogonal Signal Transmission Coding: Introduction Parity Check Bit Coding for Error Detection Coding for Error Detection and Correction Block Codes Upper Bounds of the Probability of Error with Coding Block Codes—Coding and Decoding Examples of Algebraic Codes Burst Error Correction Convolutional Coding Decoding a Convolutional Code Probability of Error of Convolutional Codes Comparison of Error Rates in Coded and Uncoded Transmission . . Automatic-Repeat-Request (ARQ)

477 481 481

487 487 489 490 491 493 495 496 498 499 501 501 503 504 505

511 511 512 514 516 517 518 519 522 523 527 529 532 533 533 535 541 549 556 562 564 575 575 578

CONTENTS XV

13.24 13.25 13.26 13.27 13.28 13.29 13.30

N

Performance of ARQ Systems An Application of Information Theory: An Optimum Modulation System A Comparison of Amplitude-Modulation Systems with the Optimum System K Comparison of FM Systems Comparison of PCM and FM Communication Systems Feedback Communication Trellis-Decoded Modulation

Chapter 14 Communication System and Noise Calculations 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14

Chapter IS

Resistor Noise Multiple-Resistor Noise Sources Networks with Reactive Elements An Example Available Power Noise Temperature Two-Ports Noise Bandwidth Effective Input-Noise'Temperature Noise Figure Noise Figure and Equivalent Noise Temperature of a Cascade An Example of a Receiving System Antennas System Calculation

Telephone Switching

15.1 Elemental Phone System 15.2 Central Switching . 15.3 A Simple (Human) Exchange ^ 15.4 The Strowger Automatic Dialing System 15.5 Traffic Load and Service Grade 15.6 Hierarchy of Switching Offices 15.7 The Crossbar Switch 15.8 Common Control 15.9 Switching Matrices 15.10 Multiple Stage Switching 15.11 Two- and Four-Wire Connections 15.12 Time-Division Multiplexing 15.13 • Analog Time-Division Switching 15.14 Time Slot Interchanging (TSI) 15.15 Comparison of TSI with Space Switching 15.16 Space Array for Digital Signals 15.17 Combined Space and'Time Switching 15.18 Mobile Telephone Communication—The Cellular Concept

580 583 585 587 588 589 594

610 610 612 612 614 615 617 618 620 621 622 624 625 626 629

635 635 637 639 641 645 647 650 651 653 657 661 664 665 668 671 671 672 677

XVI CONTENTS

Chapter 16 Computer Communication Systems

682

Introduction' 16.1 Types of Networks 16.2 Design Features of a Computer Communication Network 16.3 "'Examples of Computer Communications Networks 16.3-1 TYMNET 16.3-2 ARPANET 16.3-3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 16.3-4 Local Area Networks (LAN) 16.4 Packet Radio and Satellites 16.4-1 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 16.4-2 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 16.4-3 ALOHA 16.4-4 Slotted ALOHA 16.4-5 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) 16.5 The Poisson Distribution 16.5-1 The Interarrival Process 16.6 Protocols 16.6-1 The First Layer: The Physical Layer 16.2-2 The Second Layer: The Data-Link Layer 16.6-3 The Third Layer: Network Layer 16.6-4 The X.25 Protocol ' 16.6-5 The Forth or Transport Layer 16.6-6 The Fifth or Session Layer 16.6-7 The Sixth Layer: The Presentation Layer 16.6-8 The Final, Seventh Layer: The Application Layer

Chapter 17 Spread Spectrum Modulation 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.10

720

Introduction Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum Use of Spread Spectrum with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) . Ranging using DS Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum Generation and Characteristics of PN Sequences Acquisition (Coarse Synchronization) of a FH Signal Tracking (Fine Synchronization) of a FH Signal Acquisition (Coarse Synchronization) of a DS Signal Tracking (Fine Synchronization) of a DS Signal

Index

682 683 687 691 691 692 694 695 696 696 697 698 703 704 710 711 712 712 713 715 715 716 716 716 717

720 721 726 727 -729 732 738 741 744 745

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751...