Principles of Counselling PDF

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Principles of Counselling 1. Counselling helps client to move to higher level to self-acceptance and self-understanding. Helps client become self-aware and realistically accept his/her self-abilities. The individual should be encouraged to avoid biased distorted harmful self-perception, distorted realities and harmful attitude coz they tend to lead to self-destruction. 2. Counselling is always client centred- the need of client comes first. 3. Accepting counselling on the part of the client leads to greater level of honesty towards others and are more so towards oneself. 4. Counselling is personal, intimate and very individual in focus. Purpose of counselling is to enhance personal development and the psychological growth towards maturity of its clients. Counselling & psychotherapy processes and their adaptations to children and students. Different theories are used in counselling and psychotherapy. There is no single theory that can explain all facets of human experience. The therapeutic (healing/treatment) relationship is very important component of effective counselling. The therapist as a person is the key part of effective therapeutic treatment. Research shows that both the therapy relationship contribute to treatment outcome. The most important instrument in counselling is you (counsellor) i. ii. iii.

Counsellor is a living example; also, he/she manages life struggles. He helps in reflection role of the mirror. Authentic –being real

Counsellor should be willing to risk grow and care and be involved. Counsellors use the following the following counselling interventions/approaches/modes; i. Affective models-emotions ii. Cognitive models- thinking process. iii. Behavioural models- behaviour of the people iv. Inter-personal or systematic models 1. Affective models They include:  person centred therapy( client controlled therapy)  Gestalt therapy  Psychoanalytic therapy a) Person Centred therapy- facilitative counselling Carl Rodgers developed this therapy. In this theory Humans are  Trustworthy and positive.  Capable of making changes and living productive lives.

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Initiate and gravitate towards self-actualization. I.e. they exploit their full potential.

Given the right, growth-fostering conditions individuals strive to move towards fulfilling their creative nature. Therefore person centred therapy is growth-promoting climate. It emphasizes guidance to the following conditions. a) Congruence /realness /genuine/ sincere. The therapist behaviour must match his/her words. b) Unconditional positive regards. Acceptance as a person and genuine carrying has positive results. This involves accepting clients as they recently were and positive regards. c) Accurate empathetic This is the ability to grasp the client to suggestive world. Skill questioning (probing), reflection, restate, paraphrase, restate. b) Psychoanalytic therapy (Sigmund Freud) Structure of personality; Id- pleasure principle Ego- reality principle Super Ego- morality principle The psychoanalytic theory is based on the following facets as articulated as Sigmund, which are thought to be the source of mal adjustive behaviour. a. b. c. d. e.

Unconscious process Early childhood experiences Anxiety Ego-defence mechanism Sexual and aggressive behaviour

a) Unconscious process The conscious mind includes what someone can remember while unconscious mind involves things that are hidden i.e. materials suppressed in the mind. Unconscious materials- clinical evidence for postulating materials include, dreams, slip of the tongue, post hypnotic suggestions, materials derived from projective techniques, materials derived from free association in sexual and aggressive drive. Psychosexual development In Child Oral – 0-18 months- pleasure in oral stimulation. -Deprived suckling the mother Anal stage: 2-3years-emptying the bowels /toilet framing.

-Playing with faeces. - Attraction to old age people. (Phallic stage) Counselling techniques. a) Free association- The client is allowed to talk without blaming what comes in the mind. b) Interpretation: the therapist prompts out explains and teaches the meaning of what is revealed. c) Dream analysis: dreams are the royal road to unconscious mind. The counsellor should help the client to interpret the latent (hidden) and manifest (what can be seen) information. d) Analysis resistance: A client will show resistance through the following:i) Moment of silence ii) Late coming iii) Abrupt of changing in topic iv) Failure to attend sessions v) Use of defence mechanism If this happens, use professional confrontation. e) Analysis transference and counter transference: Transference - is the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with one person such as parent are unconsciously shifted to another. Analysis of transference allows the client to achieve insight of incidents of the past. The goa; of psychoanalysis is to uncover the unconscious material hidden in the unconscious mind once this has healing effect. c) Genital therapy Was developed by Germany psychologists Fritz Perls, Max Wertheimer, Kurt Kaffka & Christian VO Ehvenfels. Principle of closure, proximity, similarity, continuity. It is granted to clients “here & now” e.g. HIV/AIDS person lives in the past in the sense that the person regrets of his deeds he leaves in future for his shattered dreams. It focuses on awareness of whole person if you need to understand a person you need to study his or her environment also “whole”. Person – feelings, thinking, behaviour. Person + environment. If an individual neglects the self-while attending to self-image may result Mal adaptive behaviour. People who neglect self they don’t live their standards due to self-image. The initial goal is for client to gain awareness of lust they experience and they are doing now. Is to help client to achieve self-integration his/her lust during a process of development.

Helps client to live “here and now” this is the main curative factor in Gestalt therapy. E.g. after therapeutic techniques used in gestalt. 1. Directed awareness. The therapy uses simple questions in order to help the client focus on “here and now “i.e. directed awareness. Transference is the process by which emotions and desires originally associated with other person such as a parent unconsciously shifted to one another. 2. Use of language this helps the client to take full responsibility of his behaviour. 3. Games and dialogue role-play i.e. empty chair. 4. Dream work-lost self

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Application of Gestalt therapy in groups. It ensures direct experience and information action. The here & now allow members to bring the unfinished business to the present. Members try out experiments within the group settings. Group leaders can use linking to include members in exploration of particular individual’s problems. Leaders actively decides experiment for the group while focusing on awareness and conduct. Group leaders actively engage with members to form a sense of mutuality within the group.

Limitations of Gestalt Therapy  The approach has potential for the therapist to abuse power by using powerful techniques without proper training. This approach may not be useful for clients who have difficult in abstracting and imagining. It is high focus on emotions may cause limitations for clients who have been culturally be emotionally preserved. 2. Cognitive models.  Rational emotive Therapy (RET)  Transactional analysis a) RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY Albert Ellis, It emphasises on thinking, judging, deciding, analysing, doing. It teaches that our emotions stem mainly from believes, evaluation, interpretations, and reactions towards the situation. This therapy is seen as an educational process where client learn to:  

To identify the interplay of their thought feelings and behaviour. To identify and dispute irrational believes that are maintained by self-indoctrination. To stop absolute thinking, blaming, and repeating self-beliefs. E.g. irrational self-defending behaviours include:  I must have love or approval for all significant people in my life.  I must perform important tasks completely and perfectly.  If I don’t get what I want is terrible and I can’t stand it.

The goal is to help- the client to help him change/ minimise self-defeating irrational behaviours, ideas and emotions. b) Transactional analysis Was developed by Eric Berne. Was framed in psychoanalysis, but later developed his theory that differed slightly from psychoanalysis. He agreed with Sigmund Freud the family had pro-found influence towards personality during child hood. However, he argued that an individual was free to alter and change oneself at any time in life coz he/she has potential to change. Erick proposed that personality was made up of following state:a) The present ego state. - This is made up of thoughts, feelings, and attitudes, behaviors acquired from parents as children said or acquired them. E.g. Act of love, support, comfort, encouragement. b) Adult ego state: - it develops after the age of 12 years. It is the part of personality that is reasonable and reality oriented. It gathers and assimilates the data in the current state. c) Child ego state: - It consists of memories of early childhood. This is divided in 3 parts: Natural child: - is part of personality that is impulsive, feeling oriented and spontaneously and fun oriented.  Adapted child: - Seems to adapt the parental influence through compliance.  Little professor: - It’s part of child personality, which uses reason and logic like for adult. Life Positions. Berne proposed the following life positions. i. ii. iii. iv.

“I’m ok, you’re ok”-Health “I’m ok, you’re not ok”- unhealthy ( superiority and inferiority) “I’m not ok, you’re ok”-Unhealthy “I’m not ok, you’re not ok” e.g. Hatujaelewa is use of plural to express themselves.

COUNSELLING GOALS Counsellor helps the client make his decision about her life about ego life. Helps client to achieve and maintain, “I am ok, you’re ok” life position. Helps the client to have flexible autonomous behaviour i.e. script less life.

Techniques The main technique is analysis of transactions. It means analysing oneself and others.

3. BEHAVIORAL MODELS They include Behavioural therapy  Reality therapy  Cognitive behavioural therapy. Reality Therapy Was developed by William Glasser. It proposed that human being has psychological needs i.e. love, belonging, power, freedom and desire to have fun. In addition, he saw a psychological need for survival. These needs must be fulfilled in responsible manner in order for a person to develop a health function personality as a result one develops success identity. It is a state one feels good as individual and comfortable about herself. However, individual must maintain moral set of him/her society standards. On other hand if needs are fulfilled in irresponsible or not fulfilled at all one is likely to face failure identity. This is the main source of maladaptive behaviour, one experiences guilt and self-dissatisfaction. One must take responsibility to fulfil his/her need responsibly and in doing so, one must not hinder others in fulfilling their needs as well. Counselling goals Help client to identify his/her need and fulfil them in a responsible manner. Help client learn health ways of interacting with other people. Help client focus on what is happening in life at the present other than the past or the future. Counselling techniques  Role-playing.  Teaching ways of fulfilling ones needs in responsible manner. (Respect with the client, Warmth).

COUNSELLING PROCESS

Stages of Counselling Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Relationship build/rapport Assessment and diagnosis Goal formulation Action plan and implementation(intervention) Termination Evaluation and follow up

1. Relationship build/Rapport In order to build a therapeutic relationship the counsellor should apply the following core conditions for facilitative counselling: a. Realness/genuineness b. Unconditional positive regards c. Accurate empathetic understanding. The client perception of counselling relationship is what counts. Counselling skills required for facilitative/building relationship i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

Non-verbal/verbal attending behaviours. E.g. use of gestures, questions, smiling etc. Paraphrasing of the content of client communication Reflecting client feelings and implicitly messages. Openness and self-disclosure Immediacy-address issues immediately as they happen. Attending to client theory of change. Promotion of hope. – encourage the client hope everything will be ok.

Functions of therapeutic relationship a) It creates atmosphere of trust and safety. b) Provides a medium of intense effect. Atmosphere to express your feelings. c) Provide motivation for change by self-exposure tell some of the situations you went through in life and how you overcame the challenges.

2. Assessment & Diagnosis Obtain information about client problems, concern, strength and needs. Assessment forms foundation goals for treatment. It is always ongoing process changing as you learn more about the client. You may use the following questions:i. ii. iii.

Who is complaining? What is the person motivated for, what does he/she want? What is the person’s strengths?

What is the real issue?

See the strength & limitations of the client Resources clients have.

3. Goal setting/formulation Counselling goals have following functions:a. b. c. d. e. f.

They define the desired outcomes. Give direction to counselling process. They specify what can, and cannot be accomplished in counselling. Motivates the client. Evaluation of effectiveness of counselling. Measure client progress.

There are 7 qualities of well-formed treatment goal they are collaborative:i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

Help client to form treatment goals. They are small not many. They are specific & behavioural. They address the presence rather than the absence of something. They focus on beginning rather than the end. They are realistic and achievable within contest of client life. Perceived to involving hard work.

4. Intervention (action Plan) Use theory and techniques. 5. Termination  problem  Goals  Intervention  Terminate the r/ship after the counselling process when the goals are achieved. 6. Evaluation Evaluation is an ongoing process of counselling from beginning to end. Is done to determine the effectiveness of counselling. If intervention is not working a change is welcomed. 7. Follow up May be done or may not be done but is necessary to follow up by call, client can visit you or counsellor to visit the client. Task Assuming you are working in an international planning as a counselling consultant and you have been given a task to deal with emotionally disturbed due to terrorist attacks. Discuss how you would help them adjust to school using the guidance and counselling process. Qualities of a helper (Counsellor)

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Self-awareness and understanding. Good psychological health. Sensitivity to deal with the needs of a client maybe moods and behaviour. Open minded Is objective Is competent Trust worthy Attractive- interpersonal attractiveness i.e. being social

Counsellor-client expectations Building a rapport and subsequent trusting r/ship with a counsellor requires that a client is open, honesty, and willing to work at identifying issues and finding solutions. Due to personal nature of exchange between client and counsellor, there are strict guidelines that must be adhered to through confidential guidance & counselling process. Generally, a counsellor must behave responsibly, appropriately, and professionally towards client during contact and throughout client counselling r/ship. Types of counselling a) b) c) d) e)

Individual counselling. Group counselling. Developmental counselling Crisis counselling Preventive counselling. A. INDIVIDUAL COUNSELLING

One on one interaction between counsellor and client. It is a powerful learning experience for a client. It’s a private interaction between counsellor and client. It’s based on concept on understanding each individual is unique. Task. Advantages and disadvantages B. GROUP COUNSELLING Involves 6-12 members with a common issue or problem plus a group leader (counsellor) Task. Advantages and disadvantages Counselling of children with special needs The term children with special needs is used to describe children needs which falls outside the established normal range. The needs may be physical, behavioural, cognitive, social, and emotional.

Other terms, which are used to describe children in special need, areChildren with challenges Children with exceptions Children with disabilities. The common specific needs area. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Autism Spectrum disorder Cerebral palsy Down syndrome Deaf Blind Deaf/blind Mentally handicapped

The first 3 are labelled before a professional diagnosis is made. Teachers often misunderstand talented and gifted Children. Teachers make common mistakes as follows:I. When they treat learning disability and intellectual disability as the same. II. In addition, a child with cerebral palsy has intellectual disability. The most basic requirement all teachers are knowledgeable that about all disabilities they are likely to experience in classroom, the child with learning disability maybe average or above average in overall intelligence but have some challenges in specific areas in academics. E.g. Reading, maths, spelling etc. These children may have difference in reading if not given appropriate guidance and taught using traditional teaching methods. Children with intellectual disabilities have their intellectual functioning level below average and with significant limitation in daily living skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. The level of disability are expressed as mild, moderate or severe. Provision for learners with special needs Such learners with special needs can be included fully inclusive classrooms, mainstreamed or segregated for instructions. INTERVENTIONS A. Inclusion – children with different levels of disability are accommodated in all classes with support. B. Mainstreaming – children join class for particular subjects. C. Resource rooms. D. Resource person- is a special educator, reading specialist, guidance and counselling specialist....