Project Report On High-Strength Concrete PDF

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180605: Project IIProject Report On'High-Strength Concrete Mix Design' UsingVarious Admixtures and Evaluation ofPropertiesAs partial fulfillment of award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil EngineeringPrepared by:Team ID: 52645Internal GuideProf. Sandip P. MistryA. D. Patel Institute of TechnologyGu...

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180605: Project II Project Report On

'High-Strength Concrete Mix Design' Using Various Admixtures and Evaluation of Properties

As partial fulfillment of award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering

Prepared by: NAME Abhal Gudhka Satish Patel Nilesh Balasara Kalpesh Bhatti

ENROLLMENT NO. 120010106002 120010106011 120010106021 130013106002

Team ID: 52645 Internal Guide Prof. Sandip P. Mistry

A. D. Patel Institute of Technology Gujarat Technological University (April - 2016)

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Department of Civil Engineering A. D. Patel Institute of Technology Gujarat Technological University

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Abhal Gudhka (120010106002), Satish Patel (120010106011), Nilesh Balasara (120010106021) and Kalpesh Bhatti (130013106002) of final year Civil Engineering have satisfactorily completed their project work 'High-Strength Concrete Mix Design' Using Various Admixtures and Evaluation of Properties for the subject 180605-Project-II in the 2nd semester of academic year 2015-16 for the partial fulfillment of the award of the Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering at Gujarat Technological University.

Date:

Project Guide Prof. Sandip P. Mistry

Head of Department Dr. Rajiv Bhatt

Principal of Institute Dr. R. K. Jain 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to acknowledge the Institute A.D.I.T., Gujarat Technological University for giving us the opportunity for the project work in 'High-Strength Concrete Mix Design' Using Various Admixtures and Evaluation of Properties. We express our gratitude towards our guide Prof. Sandip Mistry, Civil Engineering Department, A.D.I.T., who has guided us throughout the tenure of project and has given his suggestions to improve the quality of project at critical moments. We also thank Prof. Kumarpal Trivedi, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, A. D. I. T. for helping us and giving valuable suggestions. We are thankful to Dr. Rajiv Bhatt, Head of Department and our principal Dr. R. K. Jain for allowing us to work on this project.

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ABSTRACT Concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, water, coarse and fine aggregates and sometimes admixtures. Proportioning a concrete mix for a given purpose is the art of obtaining a suitable ratio of various ingredients of concrete with the required properties at the lower cost. The primary difference between high-strength concrete and normal-strength concrete relates to the compressive strength. High strength concrete has compressive strength of up to 100 MPa as against conventional concrete which has compressive strengths of less than 40 MPa. Low watercement ratio is a crucial aspect which can be achieved by using chemical admixtures such as plasticizers. A mineral admixture introduces favourable behaviour with respect to shrinkage and high evolution of heat of hydration and enhances durability. The project revolves around the development of high compressive strength using proper mix of ingredients.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS ....................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF CHARTS .................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURES ................................. 7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 3: AIM & OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 5: INGREDIENTS OF HSC ................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 6: IMPORTANCE OF ADMIXTURES ............................................................... 17 CHAPTER 7: TRAIL MIX - 1 ................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 8: TRAIL MIX - 2 ................................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 9: ANALYSIS OF RESULTS .............................................................................. 33 CHAPTER 10: COST IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATION ............................................ 35 CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 37 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 39

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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS No.

Title

Page No.

5.1

Ingredients of High Strength Concrete

15, 16

7.1

Photographs of Casted Elements & Results

22, 23

8.1

Photographs of Casted Elements & Results

26, 27

LIST OF CHARTS No.

Title

Page No.

Chart 1

Compressive Strength: Trial Mix - 1

21

Chart 2

Compressive Strength: Trial Mix - 2

25

Chart 3

Comparison of Strength

28

Chart 4

% Strength Gain

28

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LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURES Symbols/ Abbreviations/ Nomenclatures

Meaning

MPa

Mega Pascal (unit of pressure) = N/mm2

Mm

Millimeter

Cm

Centimeter

w/c

Ratio of Water to Powder Content

Powder

Cement + Fly Ash

HSC

High Strength Concrete

ASTM

American Standard for Testing and Materials

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION  What is High Strength Concrete?     



As name suggests, it is concrete of high strength. It has compressive strengths of up to 100 MPa. Concrete designed by conventional methods have strengths up to 40 MPa. Certain admixtures are used to produce high strength concrete. There are two crucial aspects to be considered: o Low water-cement ratio o Dense particle packing So approach is to achieve concrete mix of high strength by using admixtures.

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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Sr.

Title

No.

Name Of Journal

Name Of Author

Review

1

Partial Replacement International Prof. P.A. of Cement with Journal Of Shirulea, Marble Dust Powder Advanced Ataur Engineering Rahmanb , Research And Rakesh D. Studies Gupta

The Compressive strength of Cubes are increased with addition of waste marble powder up to 10% replace by weight of cement and further any addition of waste marble powder the compressive strength decreases

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Strength and Duriabilty Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement with Metakaolin and Marble Dust

International Er. Amritpal Journal of Kaur, Er. Engineering Rajwinder Research & Singh Bansal Technology (IJERT)

The replacement of cement with 9%MK and 10% MP, give better results better for strength.

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Experimental Study on Use of Waste Marble Dust in Concrete

Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

Aalok D. The compressive strength of Sakalkale , concrete is increased with G. D. addition of waste marble Dhawale , R. powder up to 50% by S. Kedar weight in place of sand and further any addition of waste marble powder the compressive strength decreases.

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Sr.

Title

No.

Name Of Journal

Name Of Author Dr S L Patil, J N Kale, S Suman

Review

4

Fly Ash Concrete: A Technical Analysis for Compressive Strength

International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies

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Analysis of Fly Ash Cement Concrete for Road Construction

International Tomas U. Fly ash has a lower unit Journal of Ganiron Jr weight which means the Advanced greater the percentage of fly Science and ash in the paste, the better Technology lubricated the aggregates are and the better the concrete flows and continues to combine with the lime in cement, increasing compressive strength over time.

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Effect Of Article Online Superplasticizers Id: 100030014 On Workability And Strength Of Concrete

Saeed Ahmad, Muhammad Nawaz, Ayub Elahi

Fly ash can be successfully used in the cement concrete in minor amount as an additive.

Use of Superplasticizer shows increase in the compressive strength, workability, water reduction, cement saving requirements of concretes.

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Sr.

Title

No.

Name Of Journal

7

Effect of Superplasticizer Dosages on Compressive Strength Of SelfCompacting Concrete

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Behaviour of Pak. J. Engg. & Normal Concrete Appl. Sci. Vol. Using 15 Superplasticizer under Different Curing Regimes

Name Of Author

International Rahul Dubey, Journal of Civil Pardeep Kumar and Structural Engineering

Review

With incorporation of SP up to 4%, there was significant increase of compressive strength of SCC mix with increase of age.

S N R Shah, Muhammad Aslam, S A Shah, Raja Oad

Dosage of superplasticizer equal to 0.5% has been observed to be optimum in terms of enhancement in the compressive strength.

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Exploring Posibility of Developing High Strength Concrete Using Locally Available Materials

International Rakesh Kumar Journal of Sahu & Dr. S. Advanced P. Mishra Engineering Research and Studies

Out of fifteen mixes only one mix has achieved 28 days strength more than 50 MPa the proportion of the mix is 1:1.17:1.88.

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Experimental Study Report on Use of Fly Ash In High Grade Ready Mixed Concrete

International Mr. Amol P. Journal of Titarmare, Prof. Scientific & Shri Engineering R.S.Deotale, Research Mr. Sanjay B Volume 3 Bachale

Increment in fly ash content up to 15% given best result in terms of compressive strength. From 20% and above it can be increase the percentage for up to 30% but high precautions required during mixing.

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CHAPTER 3: AIM & OBJECTIVES  Aim:  

Our aim is to produce a concrete mix of high strength – greater than 40 MPa by using proper proportion of materials and various admixtures. Following are the objectives to reach our aim.

 Objectives:    

To learn the developments in materials, production method and mechanical properties and their uses. To study the functions of admixtures. To learn the important aspects of high strength concrete. To achieve a concrete mix of strength greater than 40 MPa.

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CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY  Method Used:  

Trial and error method Target strength: 50 MPa

 Important Criteria:

High Strength Concrete Mix

   

Low Water-Binder Ratio (0.30-0.45)

Proper Mix For Minimum Voids

Use of Plasticizers

Rich Mix with Addition of Mineral Binder

High strength is achieved if the particle packing is dense with minimum voids. For this high paste volume is essential. A rich mix is used. Mineral and chemical admixtures are used. Two batches of concrete were prepared: one without superplasticizer, one with superplasticizer.

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CHAPTER 5: INGREDIENTS OF HSC  

Apart from conventional ingredients of concrete, chemical and mineral admixtures are used. Ingredient materials are as follows:

Ingredient

Size/ Grade

Cement

OPC 53 Grade

Fly Ash

Class-F

Fine Aggregates

2.36 mm

Coarse Aggregates

10 mm

Coarse Aggregates

20 mm

Water

Potable

Plasticizer

Auramix-400

Marble Dust

2.36 mm

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5.1: INGREDIENTS OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

OPC 53 Grade

Fly Ash

Sand-1 (2.36 mm)

Sand-2 (finer)

15

C. A. (10 mm)

C. A. (20 mm)

Marble Dust

Superplasticizer

Water 16

CHAPTER 6: IMPORTANCE OF ADMIXTURES  Admixtures:  

Admixtures are used to modify the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Types of admixtures:

Chemical Admixtures

Admixtures

Reactive Mineral Admixtures Inert

 Admixtures Used: Chemical Admixtures

Mineral Admixtures

Superplasticizer

Fly Ash Marble Dust

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 Superplasticizer:   

Name: Auramix-400 (FOSROC) Auramix 400 is a combination of the latest generation superplasticisers, based on a polycarboxylic ether polymer with long lateral chains. It allows water reduction and also gives good workability.

 Fly Ash: 

Class-F fly ash

 It is a byproduct resulting from burning of anthracite and bituminous coals. So use of fly ash leads to cost and energy savings.  It has pozzolonic properties; hence it is used as replacement of cement.

 It increases late compressive strength of the concrete.  Also gives good durability due to decreased permeability.

 Marble Dust:   

It is free of cost material. It is used as filler. It increases density by filling voids. 5 to 10% of cement content by weight is recommended to add in mix.

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 Fly Ash Types and Benefits: 

What is Pozzolon?

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines pozzolan as “a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material, which in itself possesses little or no cementitious value, but will, in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds possessing cementitious properties.” Fly ash is the best known “pozzolan” in the world – and one of the most commonly used.



Class F and Class C fly ash are products of the combustion of coal in large power plants.

 Class F Fly Ash: 

Class F fly ash is available in the largest quantities. Class F is generally low in lime, usually under 15%, and contains a greater combination of silica, alumina and iron (greater than 70%) than Class C fly ash.



Most effectively moderates heat gain during concrete curing and is therefore considered an ideal cementitious material in mass concrete and high strength mixes. For the same reason, Class F is the solution to a wide range of summer concreting problems.



Provides sulphide and sulphate resistance equal or superior to Type V cement. Class F is often recommended for use where concrete may be exposed to sulphate ions in soil and ground water.

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 Class C Fly Ash: 

Class C fly ash normally comes from coals which may produce an ash with higher lime content, generally more than 15% often as high as 30%. Elevated CaO may give Class C unique self-hardening characteristics.



Most useful in “performance” mixes, prestressed applications, and other situations where higher early strengths are important.



Especially useful in soil stabilization, since Class C may not require the addition of lime.

 Benefits of Using Fly Ash:     

Fly ash will result in a more predictable and consistent finished product that will ensure customer acceptance. Fly ash improves the flowability of the concrete, which translates into less wear and tear on all the producer’s equipment, from batching facilities to trucks. Fly ash produces a high strength concrete that accommodates the design of thinner sections. Fly ash contributes to the aesthetic appearance of the concrete. Since fly ash concrete is not as vulnerable to deterioration or disintegration as rapidly as concrete without fly ash, it ensures low-maintenance buildings that will retain their value over the long-term.

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 Chemical Composition of Class-F Fly Ash: Chemical Analysis

Class-F Fly Ash

ASTM C 618 Class F

SiO2 (silicon dioxide), %

52.98

Al2O3 (aluminium oxide), %

28.96

Fe2O3 (iron oxide), %

8.24

SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3, %

90.18

CaO (calcium oxide), %

1.46

MgO (magnesium oxide), %

0.91

SO3 (sulphur trioxide), %

0.03

Na2O (sodium oxide)

0.14

K2O (potassium oxide), %

2.57

Moisture content, %

0.05

3.0 Max

Loss On Ignition (LOI), %

2.54

6.0 Max

70 Min

5.0 Max

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 Superplasticizer: Why it is used and how it works…

 



Addition of water to improve workability results in weak concrete mix and reducing water content may result in stiffer mix which would be less workable. So care should be taken while determining water content. Reducing water content in a concrete mix should be done in such a way so that complete hydration process may take place and sufficient workability is maintained for placement. Superplasticizers, also known as ‘High Range Water Reducers’ are used to improve workability of the concrete while not affecting strength of the concrete.

 Working of Superplasticizer:

     

Cement particles form flocs and water gets trapped in these flocs. If this trapped water could be released, it would improve flowability of concrete. Superplasticizer does the same. Superplasticizer gets adsorbed by cement particles and forms a thin film around these cement particles. Now negatively charged particles impart repulsive forces on each other. Hence there will be deflocculation of the cement particles and entrapped water will be released. This water will improve flow characteristics of the concrete. Superplasticizer allows water reduction this way.

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Working of Superplasticizer

Figure 1: Adsorption of Superplasticizer on Cement Particle

Figure 2: Flocculation and Dispersion of Cement Particles

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CHAPTER 7: TRAIL MIX - 1 (Date: 05/03/2016)

Proportion Of Key Ingredients: Powder (Cement+Fly Ash) 1

Fine Aggregates

Coarse Aggregates

1.25

1.65

 Water to Powder Ratio: Water/Powder 0.42

 Mineral Admixture Content: Admixture

Quantity

Fly Ash

10% replacement of cement

Marble Dust

10% of binder content

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 Quantity of Materials: No.

Material