Property Cheat Sheet - Condensed notes form entire course for exam. - Property Law PDF

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Condensed notes form entire course for exam....

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Steps&for&Q&(Easements):"1)"Ignore"what"instrument"is"called"2)"Identify"whether"an"easement"-"Apply"definition"&"note"essential" subst"characteristics"3)"a)&Identify"the"issue,""the"scenario"raise"the"problem"of"whether"or"not"the"right"that"is"granted"is"about"the" land,"&"NOT"personal"preferences"(as"an"easement"must"accommodate"the"DT)""-"apply"Clos"b)""the"problem"of"whether"or"not"a" grant"of"EP"is"capable"of"forming"subject"matter"of"easement"is"also"raised""Apply&Jea/Clos&Summary.&Ultimately"No.&c)&'The"formal" requirements"for"an"easement"are"not"at"issue"in"this"case"as"the"easement"is"registered"and"noted"on"the"folio"of"both"the"DT"&"ST." Once"registered"on"the"burdened"land,"the"easement"is"indefeasible"(Chui%v%Healy)'...."example"ONLY!"etc"etc..."Make"CONCLUSION."" WARNING:"Even"if"it"is"registered"(under"TT)"-"cannot"create"novel"interests"in"land,"must"meet"substantive"requirements!" & Easements"(Legal"Interest)"Substan"req's"Re%Ellenborough%Park%1958,%'Substance"over"form'"Bursill%v%Berger%Bros%1904.%Definition:% "a"right"annexed"to"land"to"utilise"other"land"of"different"ownership"in"a"particular"manner"(not"involving"the"taking"of"any"part"of"the" natural"produce"of"that"land"or"any"part"of"its"soil)"or"to"prevent"the"owner"of"the"other"land"from"utilising"his"land"in"a"particular"manner”" Question"in"EllenB%Park:"were"surrounding"landowners"entitled"to"compensation"from"war"office"who"requisitioned"the"park?") 1."Essential&that&there&be"both&a&DT"(land"or%interest%in%land"benefited:%Barba%v%Gas&Fuel%Corp%of%Vic%'97)"&&a&ST"(land"burdened)."" No"matter"how"big/small"(Ex%parte%Waddington"1917)"If"benefitting"DT"&&rights&unconnected&with&DT"“a"right"to"cross"for"all" purposes”=no"easement"(Ackroyd%v%Smith%1850)."Benefits"other"land"incidentally=okay"(Simpson%v%Mayor%of%Godmanchester%1897)" 2."Easement&must&accommodate&(benefit)&the&DT"(like"'T"&"C"the"land'-4"the"benefit"of"the"DT"(not"personal)."Ask"""Whether"the" benefit"of"the"rights"granted"make"the"dominant"tenement"a"more"attractive"or"beneficial"place"for"only"existing"owner,"or"other" people"who"may"come"onto"the"land""Enhancement"in&value"is"significant"factor"but"not"decisive"(EllenB"Park)."Need"not"be" contiguous"-"but"must"benefit"DT"in"fact"(Todrick%v%Western%National%Omnibus%1934).%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%(88B(3)(c)(iii)%CA%&%ss%46A%&%s%47(7)RPA)% 3."DT&&&ST&must&be&owned&by&different&people."But,"an"easement"will"not"be"extinguished"b/c"the"owner"of"DT"acquires"ST"% 4."Capable&of&forming&the&subject&matter&of&a&grant:"1)"capable"grantee"&"capable"grantor-can"form"a"valid"contract."2)"'sufficiently" precise'"to"enable"it"to"be"incorporated"in"a"grant"Riley%v%Pentilla)"Determining"'sufficiently"precise':"a)"are"rights"expressed"in"too" wide"terms"or"vague"in"character?"right"“to"a"view”"or"“protection"from"the"weather”"or"“to"receive"a"television"signal”"(Hunter%v% Canary%Wharf%)"="too"vague"b)"do"the"rights"amount"to"joint"occupation"or"deprive"ST"owners"of"possession?""In"Copeland%v%Greenhalf" -"found"to"be"essentially"a"claim"to"possession"of"the"ST"(joint"use)."Tiller%v%Hawes:"exclusive"use"of"driveway"over"ST"gave"exclusive" use"to"DT"="invalid."c)"are"they"'rights"of"mere"recreation'"(too"frivolous)?"" " Clos)Farming"2002:"Failed&2."There"was"no"benefit"to"lot"86"(purported"DT)"by"the"conduct"of"the"viticulture"business"-"it"benefitted" the"owner"of"lot"86"personally."A"right"benefiting"some"business"may"be"a"valid"easement""provided"that"the"conduct"of"the"trade"is"a& necessary&incident&to&the&normal&enjoyment&of&the&land”"Commercial"interest"not"inconsistent"with"easement,"but"also"not" sufficient"to"justify"right"in"perpetuity."Moody%v%Steggles:%sign"on"wall"Y,%Copeland%v%Greenhalf":cars"No"-"amounted"to"joint"use"of"land."% Failed&4"b):"Too"intrusive,"not"in"nature"of"an"easement"(cannot"create"novel"interests)."Owners"of"ST"were"precluded"from"benefit"of" ownership."The"owner"of"the"DT"was"given"complete"control"over"activities"on"the"ST-this"was"a"substantive"claim"to"possession." Bryson"J:"“It"is"true"that"the"owner"will"not"be"a"trespasser"provided"that"he"keeps"out"of"the"dominant"owner’s"way,"but"his"rights"are"no" more"than"a"shadow"of"ownership""Because"rights"gave"DT"owner"full"control"over"ST""goes"beyond"what"the"law"of"easements"can"achieve.”" Profit%a%Prendre?"No:"does"not"encompass"right"to"go"onto"land"&"perform"agri"activities"(Natva%Devel's%'04),"only"nat"occurring"things."" Profits"are"an"interest"in"land"(not"personal)"&"can"exist"in%gross"(no"DT"required),"but"cannot"neutralize"the"servient"owner's"rights."" If"right"includes"right"to"go"onto"land"&"perform"agricultural"activities"-"it"is"a"personal"right"-" best"dealt"with"via"contract."-"CHECK" Summary&of&Clos)Farming&Principle:"Cannot"create"new"&"novel"interests"over"land"-"MUST"MEET"SUBSTANTIVE"REQUIREMENTS!" ) Jea)Holdings"2015:"Issue"4b)"Called"a"'covenant',"entire"surface"of"land"found"to"be"subject"of"an"easement"b/c"while"owner"of"DT" could"cover"entre"surface"with"cars,"holder"of"ST"was"permitted"to"build"over"&"under"the"land"&"also"use"for"parking"itself" (expressed"in"covenant)."This"was"not"construed"as"an"exclusive"right,"therefore"capable"of"forming"subject"matter"of"easement."" &

Summary:"Consistency"in"these"cases"is"that"they"were"both"decided"based"upon"whether"or"not"EP"was"conferred"by"the"purported" easement."In"Clos,"court"said"EP"in"substance=NO"easement."In"Jea,"not"EP=easement"valid."EP¬&capable&of&forming&easement." " Creating&Easements"(some"TT,"some"OS)"-"Easement"are"presumed"to"be"granted"for"fee"simple"interest"(ie"'runs"with"the"land')" 1."Express"grants"(in"favour"of"purchaser)"&"reservations"(vendors"retained"land"is"DT,"some"control"over"ST"which"they"have"sold)" Formal"req's:"TT=Approved"form,"registration"on"folios"of"DT"&"ST"(s46,"s47"RPA)."Indefeasible"when"on"ST"folio"(Chui%v%Healy)" Reg."cures"defects"in"procedural"requirements"(ie"-"approved"form"not"used)"(Corinne%Court%v%Shean%2000;%Frazer%v%Walker)% 2."Statutory"easements"(providing"for"services"–"water,"drainage,"power"etc,"can"exist"‘in"gross’"–"no"need"for"dominant"tenement)"" 3."Implied"grant"or"reservation"(i.e"W%v%B)"(limited"under"TT"but"omitted&easements&=&exception)"Where&land&once&OS&&&now&TT:" If"easement"was"subsisting"immediately"before"the"land"was"bought"under"the"act"&"on"transfer"to"TT"the"easement"did"not"appear" on"the"register"="exception"to"indefeasibility."Where&land&always&TT:"Initially"recorded"on"reg"but"“omitted”-falls"within"s42(1)(a1)."" 'Omitted'"refers"to"the"status"of"the"reg"-"not"an"action"(Sahab).""Reason"for"omission"not"relevant"-"ie"fault"of"parties"or"reg"(Sahab)"" BUT,"the"use"of"the"words"“validly"created"……under"this"or"any"other"Act”"(i.e."registration)"probably"means"that"easements"which" would"have"been"created"(eg"'continuous"&"apparent'"Wheeldon%v%Burrows)"cannot"be"said"to"be"'validly"created'"under"the"RPA.%% McGrath%v%Campbell:"Argued"WvB:"quasi-easement"apparent,"necessary"&"grantor"used"BUT"no"implied"easement"b/c"inconsis"w/"TT" '"The"circumstances"must"be"such"that"the"prob'"that"the"implication"of"such"a"term"was"intended"must"be"so"strong"that"a"contrary"intention"cannot"be"supposed'"

ALSO,"if"not"created"on"approved"form-will"not"fall"under"this"provision"b/c"not"'validly"created'-even"tho"was"indfeas"when"registerd" 4."prescription"(mere"inconvenience"will"not"do"-"Union%Lighterage%Co%v%London%Graving%Dock%1902)"5."acquisesence"or"estoppel." " Other&issues:"Where"rights"granted"are"'to"go,"pass"and"repass"at"all"times"for"all"purposes'"-"given"wide"construction."What"was"in" reasonable"contemplation"of"the"P"at"time"of"creation?"(Todrick%v%Western%National%Omnibus%1934).%Jelbert%v%Davis"(agri"land"to"camp" park)"unreasonable"increase"in"easement"use."Wilcox%v%Richardson%'97:"easement"may"confer"sole"use"of"land"for"a"limited"period,"so" long"as"ST"owner"retains"possession"&"control."Westfield%'07:"Essentially"a"matter"of"construction"how"easement"will"be"construed." If&easement&is&to&‘run&with&the&land’&(i.e."apply"to"subsequent"owners"not"party"to"original"agreement)"must"meet:"s&88(1)&CA" (instrument"must"clearly"indicate:"DT,"ST,"persons"having"the"right"to"release,"vary,"or"modify"easement"(other"than"persons"having" that"right"by"law)"&"persons"(if"any)"who"may"consent"to"release,"vary,"or"modify"easement.""

Leases"(Legal"interest"-"can"be"transferred"outright"to"3rd"party"-"as"can"LL's"reversion"-"called"'assignments')" 1.&T&assigns&to&A&=&L&(landlord)&/&A&(tenant)& " L"(fee"simple)" T"(lease)" T"(subtenant)" " 2.&L&then&assigns&to&R&=&R&(LandL)&/&A&(tenant)& " 3.&Sublease&granted&to&ST&=&A&landlord&to&ST."" " 4.&ST&assigns&to&AST&=&AST&tenant&to&A&) " " " R"(assign evers A"(a ee)" T"(a ee"of"ST)" " A&is&still&tenant&to&R&as&well&as&LL&to&AST" A"lease"is"created "&"the"relationship"of"L"&"T"arises"whenever"the"L"gives"T:"EP"+"certain"term"+"term"is"less"than"term"which"L"holds." Substantive"Requirementss:"1)&Certainty&of&Duration&a)"when"the"lease"will"start"&"b)"how"long"it"will"last."" -&Must"be"able"to"say"at"the"outset"of"lease"what"the"term"will"be%(Lace%v%Chantler"1944:"Lease"term"was"‘for"the"duration’"of"war)"" -&CAN"say"“for"20"years"determinable"if"the"war"ends”"b/c"indicates"max"duration"(Doe%d%Lockwood%v%Clarke%&%Brown%1807)" Can&have&a&lease&for&non-consecutive&periods"(Smallwood%v%Sheppards"1895"three"successive"public"holidays"="valid)" Skorpos)v)United)Petroleum)2013)(FACTS:"Start"date"would"be"confirmed"when"‘testing’"done-Lease"contract"signed"before"testing" complete-United"terminated"on"basis"of"contamination-Skorpos"entered"one"site"&"‘distrained’"petrol"&"gas"for"unpaid"rent)" Lease"had"not"commenced"because"no&certainty&of&commencement"(="certainty&of&duration)"due"to"clauses"allowing"for"testing."" The"HOA"conditioned"entry"into"leases"on"satisfactory"testing"&"an"ESA."Testing"delayed"b/c"Skorpos"failed"to"pay"half"of"associated" costs."The"HOA"didn't"provide"for"the"payment"of"rent"in"the"period"of"delay"contemplated"by"its"provisions"between"arranging"the" ESA"reports"&"tank"&"line"testing,"&"the"entry"into"the"Leases"="Obligation"to"pay"rent"enlivened"only"by"the"commencement." """"[14]"'Skorpos’"case"was"that"United"had"taken"a"tenancy"at"will..."They"contended"that"United’s"rights"of"occupancy...had"yet"to"commence"&"that" therefore"United’s"occupation"could"not"have"been"taken"pursuant"to"the"Leases'"Rejected:"'The"Judge"commented"on"an"apparent"contradiction"in" Skorpos'"contention"that"the"Leases"had"not"commenced"because"the"Terms"over"both"sites"had"been"postponed"by"the"provisions"of"the"very" Leases"which"they"claimed"had"not"come"into"effect,"under"the"provisions"of"the"lease"United"was"not"obliged"to"pay"rent"until"it"had"obtained" satisfactory"(reports"&"tests)..."inconsistent"with"these"provisions"to"imply"liability"to"pay"rent"under"a"tenancy"at"will"in"advance"of"those"events.'""

Clauses&designed&to&protect&United&-&ie&lease&(&&obligation&to&pay&rent)&would¬&arise&until&testing&complete.&If"rent"had" have"been"intended"to"be"paid"in"this"period"'"The"parties"were"free"to"agree"on"the"terms"of"a"licence'"to"effect"this. 2)&Exclusive&Possession&Radaich%v%Smith%1959:%T"responsible"4"locks,"T"had"control"of"premises"at"all"times,"duty"to"yield-up"at"end" Payment"of"rent"NOT"necessary"element,"BUT"if"rent"is"intended:"amount"of"rent"must"be"certain"(NZI%insurance%v%Baryzcka%1993)" " Privity&of&Estate&1)&Where"the"relationship"of"the"parties"is"of"L"&"T"(Milmo%v%Carreras%1946)"(see"above"diagram:"where"there"is"no" line"directly"connecting"2"parties"-"there"is"no"privity"of"estate"&"thus,"no"action"for"breach),"2)"the"covenants"in"the"lease"are" enforceable"b/w"them"if&covenants&T&C&the&land"(Burden"of"Covenants"(i.e."what"the"LL"must"observe)"-"Spencers%Case%1583%&%s118;" Benefit"of"covenants"(ie"what"the"tenants"must"observe)"Spencers%Case"&"s117"CA,"116"applied"2"TT).%Breams%Property%Investment%Co% 1948&a"covenant"T&C's"the"land"where"it"affects"the"landlord"or"the"tenant"in%that%capacity.%T&C&land&TEST&expanded:% P)&)A)Swift)Investments)1989:)covenant"must"1)"affects"the"nature,"quality"or"mode"of"user"or"value"of"the"land"&"2)"not"expressed" to"be"personal"(given"to"specific"L"or"T)"&"3)"benefits"only"the"L"for"the"time"being"(if"separated"from"the"reversion,"ceases"to"benefit" the"current"LL)"&"4)"covenant"to"pay"a"sum"of"money"will"not"prevent"it"from"T"&"C"the"land"so"long"as"3"above"conditions"are"met" and"covenant"is"connected"to"something"to"be"done"on"or"in"relation"to"the"land."Approved"in"Gumland."Applied&in&SD)v)Healthscope."" Gumland)v)Duffy)Bros)HCA)2008:&Duffy"bros"subleased%(remained"‘T1’)."L1"assigned"to"L2."Duffy's"guarantor"liable"for"full"rent"of"15" years"even"tho"lease"extinguished"b/c"non"payment"of"full"rent."‘double"dip’"clause"held"to"run"with"the"reversion"–" it"T"&"C"the"land."" “If"rent"runs"with"the"land,it"is"not"a"long"step"to"say"that"a"guarantee"of"that"rent"also"does"so”.117"'reference"to"sub"mat"of"lease'='T&C"land'"" NOTE:"Under"s70A(1)CA,"L"can"also"sue"original"T"for"breach"by"ST,"because"original"tenant"agrees"to"be"bound"for"duration"of"lease."" NOTE:"if"under"TT"&"assignee"of"lease"has"registered"lease"-"need"not"T&C"land"(s51"&"52"RPA)"-"treated"as"privity"of"contract." Privity&of&Estate&cannot&exist&if&the&lease&is&equitable!&It&is&a&common&law&rule&-thus&applies&to&legal&leases&only.&BUT,ss117&" 118"base"enforcement"&"liability"on,"not"P."of"E.,"but"entitlement"to"the"income"of"the"leased"land."So"they"apply"to"equit"interests"too.& & EXAM:&Restraint&on&trade&covenant&(does"it"'run"with"the"land'?)&Apply&these&two&cases:& Skorpos)v)United)Petroleum)2013:)Skorpos"appeal"against"the"award"in"United’s"favour"for"the"cost"of"repairing"the"tank"&"lines"on" the"ground"that"there"was"no"evidence"that"those"tanks"and"lines"were"defective."Allowed"appeal"b/c"even"though"the"tank"and"line" report"recommended"servicing"of"the"valves,"it"did"not"state"that"there"was"a"defect"in"the"integrity"of"the"underground"fuel"system." Specialist)Diagnostics)v)Healthscope)2012:)Covenant"to"restrain"L1"providing"pathology"services"to"protect"business"of"T."L2"set"up" pathology"next"door"(vacuum"transfer"from"hospital"building)–destroyed"business"of"T1."Were"constraints"on"trade"valid"(could"be" up"to"20"years)?"The&Covenants&DID&T&&&C&the&land&(ran&with&reversion)&-"as"far"as"service"WITHIN"hospital"concerned)."Also" breach"of"‘good"faith’"(implied"term)"&"had"derogated"from"grant"of"lease"in"effect"by"taking"benefit"from"T1"(L"under"implied" obligation"not"to"derogate"from"grant"-"undermine"the"purposes"for"which"T"entered"into"lease)."LL"would"not"be"in"breach"if"did"not" know"of"purposes"of"tenancy."P)&)A)Swift&applied:1)"while"the"covenants"do"not"directly"affect"the"nature,"quality"or"mode"of"user"of" the"demised"premises"we"consider"that"they"do"so"indirectly"&"not"merely"“collaterally”…We"consider"that"these"covenants"are" inextricably"related"&"the"obligation"of"Symbion"to"conduct"a"pathology"business"on"the"demised"premises"cannot"be"divorced"from" the"lessor’s"covenants"buttressing"those"obligations""2)"not"expressed"to"be"personal"3)&test"NOT"restricted"to"lessee’s"covenants." McDonalds)v)Bendigo)Bank:"agreement"for"lease"(but"not"lease"itself)"contained"right"of"set-off"4"rent"for"construction"of"restaurant" on"land."Mortgagee"took"possession-was"right"of"set-off"run"with"land?"NO."does"not"T&C"(P)&)A)Swift&applied)"-"was"personal."" 'May"only"use'=doesn't"require"T"to"use"as"specified,"but"if"they"do"use,"only"in"that"manner/'Must"use'=LL"may"have"action"4"damage" & Leases:&Formal"Req's"(TT):"For"indefeasibility:"s53"Real"Property"Act"requires"leases"of"more&than&3&years"to"be"registered." Void"instruments"cured:"Quest%Rose%Hill%2012"(lease"agreement"apparently"signed"ultra"vires"gained"indefeasibility"upon"registration)" The"whole"point"of"s42"is"that,"subject"to"the"fraud"excep,"it"is"intended"to"overcome"voidness"in"the"instrument"Frazer%v%Walker1967." Mercantile%Credits%v%Shell%Company%1976:"reg"gave"indefeas"to"4"x"options"to"renew"for"periods"of"5"years"plus"initial"term"of"5"years" &

Equitable&Leases:"Estoppel"Waltons%Stores%v%Maher%1988"or"'the%L%purports%to%grant%a%tenancy%in%respect%of%premises%to%which%he%or%she% lacks%the%necessary%title%because%e.g.%is...%a%licensee'%('Barton%Hill'%1977);"oral"+"PP;"Parties"have"‘merely’"executed"an"agreement"to" grant"a"lease"then"the"rule"in"Walsh%v%Lonsdale"will"apply:"'equity%regards%as%done%that%which%ought%to%be%done'%-"agreement"needs"to" include"parties,"premises,"certainty"of"duration,"amount"of"rent"(if"rent"to"be"paid)"&"procedure"for"rent"(NZI%v%Baryzcka%'93)%(4"P's)"

Steps&for&Q&(on&Equitable&Mortgage):"1)"'x"&"y"entered"into"a"transaction"whereby"x"gave"y"$"secured"by"y's"property."Equitable" mortgages"can"be"created"by"oral"agreement"where"there"are"sufficient"acts"of"PP"supporting"that"agreement'"(s23E(d)CA)" Mortgage&by&deposit&of&title&deeds&“The"usual"test"of"part"performance"is"that"there"must"be"an"act"which"by"its"very"nature"is" unequivocally"referable"to"some"such"contract"as"is"alleged:"Mcbride%v%Sandland"EXAM:&must&be&able&to&show&1)"Equitable" mortgages"CAN"exist"in"TT"land"Barry%v%Heider;"Implied"agreement"by"deposit"of"title"deeds%Theo%v%Mistford 2)"The"reason"COT" deposited"was"for"security"Shulz%v%Turner;"'circumstances,"may"be"sufficient"to"infer&or&imply'&Westpac%v%Cronin.%" " Steps&for&Q&(on&leases)&EXAMPLE:"1)&'The"scenario"raises"the"problem"of"whether"or"not"the"covenant"to"(eg"'restrain"trade')"is" enforceable"by/against"X'"2)"'For"the"covenant"to"be"enforceable"it"must"be"shown"that"x"&"x"are"in"a"relationship"of"landlord"and" tenant,"and"that"the"covenant"'runs"with"the"land'"3)&'to"establish"whether&x"&"x"are"in"a"relationship"of"landlord"and"tenant"the" question"of"whether"or"not"a"valid"lease"has"been"granted"to"x(T)"must"be"established'."e.g"'The"term"of"the"purported"lease"is" uncertain,"because"the"(e.g"start"date/term)"is"undefined'"Apply&Skorpos.&4)"b/c"(T)"has"been"granted"a"right"of"exclusive" possession,"for"a"certain"term"to"the"premises"owned"by"x(L)"they"can"be"said"to"be"in"the"relationship"of"landlord"and"tenant."5)& under"the"doctrine"of"privity"of"estate,"a"lease"covenant"is"enforceable"between"parties"in"a"relationship"of"landlord"and"tenant," despite"them"not"having"privity"of"contract,"if"the"covenants"'touch"and"concern"the"land'"(P&A"Swift)"Apply:&Skorpos&&&SD&v&Health" & Finders&LawArmory%v%Delamirie%(1722)"Chimney"sweep"case:"Finder"has"a"good"claim"to"keeping"item"in"variety"of"situations." EXAM:"Semi-public"property"–"all"about"intention"in"manifesting"control/degree"of"control"exercised"by"owner"of"property& Parker)v)British)Airways)Board%1982:"“an"honest"finder"acquires"good"title"against"all"the"world"except"the"true"owner”."Re:"owners" of"RP:"rights"to"chattels"on"their"property,"if"have"‘manifested"intention"to"exercise"control"over"building"&"any"things"found"in"or"on" it’."Had"BA"done"this?"No,"not"over"lost%items."Staff"did"not"regularly"look"for"lost"items,"no"signs"for"dealing"with"lost"property." Waverley)Borough)Council)v)Fletcher"1996:"“Where&an&article&is&found&IN&or&attached&to&land,"as"between"the"owner"or"lawful" possessor"the"land"and"the"finder"of"the"article,"the&owner&or&lawful&possessor&of&the&land&has&the&better&title.”"Buried"in"land" Private"Property"–"presumption"is"that"you"intend"to"manifest"control.&Tamworth)Industries)v)AG)'93:"$"&"cannabis"found"on"leased" property."Argued"he"did"not"have"possess"of"C"in"criminal"standard-suceeded."Argued"4"possession"of"$"in"Civil"standard-failed." Nat.Crime)Authority)v)Flack:"Mrs"Flack"not"aware"of"existence,"but"she"had"best"claim"to"money"–"did"not"depend"on"proof"of" ownership,"depended"on"right"to"possession."As"occupier"of"(private"property)"premises,"she"had"best"right"to"possession." & Donationes&Mortis&Causa&&(gift"in"contemplation"of"death):"1)"the"gift"must"be"in"contemplation"of"impending"death"(NOT" NECESSARILY"IN"EXPECTATION"OF"DEATH),"2)"its"subject"matter"must"be"personal&property,"3)"there"must"be"delivery"of"the" subject"matter"of"the"gift,"a"transfer"of"the"means"or"part"of"the"means"of"getting"at"the"property,"or"a"transfer"of"the"indicia"of"title,"4)" the"gift"must"be"conditional"on"the"donor’s"death"(but"otherwise"uncondi...