PSA 2 for Dr. Yost PDF

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First three questions answered for all chapters as required....

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Pre-Session Assignment (PSA) #2

Name ______________________________________________

Complete the vocabulary-matching sections and at least the first three objectives for each chapter. Doing so will prepare you for recitations and for the quizzes. You are highly encouraged to complete the rest of the objectives to keep you on track and so you can ask for clarification during recitation. All answers can be found in the textbook, even if a section has not yet been covered in lecture. Please print, complete, and bring to recitation. Chapter 30 Objectives: An Introduction to Animal Diversity __B_ a hollow ball of developing cells that is one of the developmental stages of an embryo _A_ the first opening to the outside during embryonic development __H__ lacking a coelom __I__ having a “false” coelom; the outer surface of the cavity is lined with mesoderm and the inner surface of the cavity is endoderm __C__ head __D__ development of a head __J_ the space between the outer body wall and the digestive tract or digestive tube __F__ cellular division occurs diagonally to the polar axis of the dividing cells __J__ having a “true” coelom; the inner and outer surfaces of the cavity are lined with mesoderm __E__ cellular division occurs at right angles or parallel to the polar axis of the dividing cells ___L_ having two germ layers; ectoderm and endoderm __N__ a true animal; animals that developed true tissues __P__ exterior or outer germ layer; gives rise to skin and nervous system __K__ an anus develops from the first opening during embryonic development, the blastopore __R__ inner germ layer; becomes the lining of the digestive tract (gastrodermis), lungs, and the bladder __Q__ middle germ layer; gives rise to most parts of the organism including connective tissue, bone, muscle, kidneys, and blood vessels __M__ animals that molt __S_ cannot synthesize own food from inorganic compounds so it is a consumer of raw materials produced by other organisms (producers) ___O_ primary layer of cells that give rise to specific organismal structures __T__ animals having either a lophophore or a trochophore larva _X__ various body shapes; only a single plane through the midline produces mirror images ___Y_ having all three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm __V__ lacking any form of symmetry __Z__ produced by the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell __W__ cylindrical-shaped, tube-shaped or wheel body form; multiple longitudinal planes produce mirror images __U__ a mouth develops from the first opening during embryonic development, the blastopore

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X.

Blastopore Blastula Cephalic Cephalization Radial Cleavage Spiral Cleavage Coelom Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate Deuterostome Diploblastic Ecdysozoa Eumetazoan Germ Layer Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Heterotroph Lophotrochozoa Protostome Asymmetry Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Y. Triploblastic Z. Zygote

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1. Compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages of life in different habitats Marine habitat advantages : Buoyancy- Provides support. Good for invertebrates and large vertebrates. Fluid balance- More easily maintained than on land. Isoosmatic body fluiuds (~same osmotic concentration as H2O). Large food source- (plankton) Disadvantages : Motion/movement- Continous motion, hard to maintain position. Salinity- Affects solvent solubility (ex : O2) Freshwater habitat- More difficult of water environments. Disadvantages : Outweigh advantages. Fluid balance- Body fluids hypertonic to water. (requires osmoregulation). Food- generally less than in seas or oceans. Adaptations required for surviving variations : Oxygen, temperature, turbidity and volume. Estuary habitat: Fresh and saltwater come together. Disadvantages : Combination of both fresh and saltwater problems. Significant salinity changes as move toward saltwater area. Terrestrial Advantages: no longer have problems faced in water. Disadvantages: Desiccation- water loss across body surfaces. Drying out of gametes and developing offspring (internal fertilization, shelled egg). Gravity in absence of buoyancy- Skeletal system and muscles support weight and movement. Temperature extremes (environmental)- Must maintain body temperature over wide variation in temps (involves physiological and behavioral adaptations).

2. Name, identify, and describe the major clades of animals which will include clade bilateria (Protostomia and Deuterostomia) and two clades of Prostomia (ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans) (web helpful!) Clade bilateria: bilateral symmetry, triploblastic. Clade Protostomia: mouth develops first, spiral determinate cleavage. Clade Deuterostomia: anus develops first, radial indeterminate cleavage. Clade Ecdysozoa: animals that molt. Clade Lophotrochozoa: animals having either a lophophore or trochophore larva.

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3. Compare and contrast embyronic development in protostomes and deuterstomes Protostomes: Mouth is the first opening. Spiral and determinate cell cleavage. Coelom formation: mesoderm splits. Deuterostomes: Anus is the first opening. Radial and indeterminate cell cleavage. Coelom formation: out pocketing of mesoderm.

4. Define and describe the use variations in body symmetry, body planes, surfaces and direction, germ layers, number of tissue layers, type of body cavity to infer relationships among eumetazoans (true animals)

5. Define and describe the terms metazoa, eumetazoa, radiata, and bilateria

6. Describe general (common) characteristics of MOST animals

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1Chapter 23 Objectives: Understanding Diversity: Systematics __G__ base point and common ancestor of a cladogram __B__ an adjective and the second part of the binomial designation ___I_ a taxon that branched off before the ingroup __A__ a noun and the first part of the binomial designation __H__ all the organisms in the taxa being considered together __E__ a group of organisms that share a common ancestor __J__ includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants __F__ a branching point on a cladogram (a change in characteristics occurs at a node) __K__ includes a common ancestor but not all of its descendants __C__ a characteristic that is present in an ancestor and all of its descendants __D_ a characteristic that appears in a recent common ancestor and is not present earlier in that ancestral line __L__ a group that has evolved from more than one ancestor and does not share a common ancestor __N__ genes that are related due to sharing a common ancestor __Q__ selecting the simplest explanation for interpreting taxa __R__ constructing cladograms (phylogenetic trees) __M__ evolution in similar environments results in similar characteristics (e.g. flight in birds and insects) __P__ apparent similarity in traits due to convergent evolution or the reversal of a trait back to its ancestral state __W__ a formal grouping of organisms (e.g. kingdom, phylum, family, etc.) __O__ similarities in structures due to sharing a common ancestor __S__ uses the number of shared features to form taxa __V__ naming, describing, classifying organisms __U__ uses most recent common ancestor and shared and derived characteristics to form taxa __T__ uses the degree of evolutionary change and phylogenetic relationships to form

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S.

T. U.

V. W.

Genus Species Ancestral Derived Clade Node Root Ingroup Outgroup Monophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic Convergent Evolution Homologous Gene Homologous Structure Homoplasy Parsimony Systematics Phenetics (numerical taxonomy) Evolutionary Taxonomy Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) Taxonomy Taxon

1. Define, compare and contrast outgroup, ingroup, monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic taxa and apply them to a cladogram (drawing helpful!) Outgroup: taxon that branches off earlier than taxa (ingroup) under investigation. Ingroup: all the organisms in the taxa being considered together. Monophyletic taxa: Common ancestor and all its descendants. They share at least one derived character. Paraphyletic taxa: subset of some of the descendants of a common ancestor that all share ancestral characteristics. Polyphyletic taxa: do not share a common ancestor.

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2. Define, compare and contrast the concept of shared ancestral and shared derived characters to phylogenetic relationships Shared ancestral characters: old characteristics, do not distinguish one group from another, features present in ancestral species and all descendants. Shared derived characters: New characteristics that are recent developments and charactersitics were not in ancestors.

3. Define, compare and contrast homology, homoplasy and analogous structures Homology: when two species have a shared common ancestor. Homoplasy: when two different but related species share similar traits but have no common ancestor. Analogous structures: when two different and unrelated species have similar traits but no common ancestor.

4. Define and describe the terms systematics, taxonomy, taxon, and classification

5. Define Linnaean terms and use the binomial system to arrange the Linnaean categories from most to least inclusive

6. Describe the three domains and current kingdoms

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7. Describe, define and interpret a cladogram and its use as a phylogenetic tree

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Chapter 31 Objectives: Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes __G__ one of two body forms of cnidarians _B__ an ear-like flap that is involved in chemical detection and not sound reception __C__ organisms that have two connected halves to the shell such as clams; each half is called a valve __H__ organism in which the parasite passes through sexual development; site of sexual reproduction __E__ one of two body forms of cnidarians (jellyfish form) __A__ the rings seen on the surface of some organisms such as leeches or earthworms __D__ a specialized cell found in cnidarians that is used in feeding and protection __J__ a light sensing structure that lacks a lens so not thought to form an image __F__ a net-like formation of nerves __I__ having separate males and females __L__ a fluid filled compartment upon which muscles contact and produce movement in animals __N__ a sheet of epithelial tissue that covers the visceral mass (internal organs) in mollusks __M__ organism in which the parasite passes through the asexual stage of development; site of asexual reproduction __K__ a central cavity in which digestion occurs; it has a mouth only and no anus __O__ having both male and female reproductive structures on the same organism __T__ a flagellated “feeding cell” found in sponges, also called collar cell __R__ phylum containing the sponges __Q__ animals that did not develop true tissues (sponges) __S__ gives rise to all cells and the skeleton of a sponge, also transport food ___V_ gelatin-like layer between the two surfaces of a sponge __P__ phylum containing the flat worms __U__ opening by which water flows out from the central cavity (spongocoel) of a sponge ___Y_ individual body segment of cestodes, tapeworms ___1_ a belt of teeth (chiton) in the mouth of some mollusks, used to scrape the substrate or make a hole in a shell __X__ a centrally located cavity in a sponge (not involved in digestion) __Z__ one of several types of structures that function in osmoregulation, it has flame cells with cilia on the internal end where the fluid is collected from the interstitium __W__ a supporting skeletal spike in sponges (may be protein, silica, or calcium carbonate) __2__ the anterior end of a cestode (tapeworm) on which the holdfast structures (attachment structures) used to attach to the host’s intestine are located ___6_ internal organs __4__ a stiff hair-like structure, bristle, it can be found on the outside of the individual segments of an earthworm __5__ a multinucleated cell arising from the fusion of individual cells or the specialize connection via gap junctions as seen in the heart muscle __3__ a dividing “wall” such as the tissue dividing the individual segments of an

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Annulus Auricle Bivalve Cnidocyte Medusa Nerve Net Polyp Definitive Host Dioecious Eyespot Gastrovascular Cavity Hydrostatic Skeleton Intermediate Host Mantle Monoecious Platyhelminthes Parazoa Poriferans Amoeboid Cell Choanocyte Osculum Mesophyll Spicule Spongocoel Proglottid Protonephridia Radula Scolex Septum Seta Syncytium Visceral Mass

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1. Describe the distinguishing features, cells, and structure of sponges (poriferans)  Aquatic, mainly marine animals that are most abundant in warm water  Their phylum name, Porifera, means “to have pores”  Bodies are perforated by tiny holes  Many are asymmetrical  Vary in shape from flat, encrusting growths to balls, cups, fans, or vases  Living sponges may be brightly colored; green, orange, red, yellow, blue, or purple, or they may be white or drab  Function like choanoflagellates  Have flagellate cells called collar cells, or choanocytes, which are strikingly similar to choanoflagellates  Reproduce sexually and asexually: In asexual reproduction, a small fragment or bud may break free from the parent sponge and give rise to a new sponge. Such fragments may attach to the parent sponge, forming, or becoming part of, a colony.

2. Describe the distinguishing features and structure of phylum Cnidaria  Mostly marine  The radially symmetrical cnidarian body is organized as a hollow sac with the mouth and surrounding tentacles located at one end.  some live alone, other form colonies

3. Describe distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Nematoda including sexual dimorphism  Nematodes act as decomposers, parasites, and predators of smaller organisms  Widely distributed in soil and in marine and freshwater sediments  Secreted by the underlying epidermis, the thick cuticle gives the nematode body shape and offers some protection  The epidermis is unusual in that it does not consist of distinct cells  Fluid-filled pseudocoelom that serves as a hydrostatic skeleton. It transmits the force of muscle contraction to the enclosed fluid.

4. Name and describe three groups (classes) and the three body forms of sponges

5. Name and describe the three types of sponge skeletons which are also used as class names

6. Describe the structure and function of a cnidocyte 8

7. Name and describe the two body forms and four classes of cnidarians

8. Describe the general characteristics of lophotrochozoans and name the associated phyla

9. Identify distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

10. Name and give examples of the four classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes. Name, describe features and characteristics of Class Turbellaria

11. Name, describe features and characteristics of Phylum Mollusca

12. Name, describe features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main classes of Phylum Mollusca

13. Identify distinguishing characteristics of annelids (Phylum Annelida)

14. Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the three main groups (classes) of annelids

15. Describe general characteristics of ecdyzoans and name the associated phyla

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16. Name, describe, and give examples of parasitic nematodes

17. Describe general characteristics of arthropods

18. Name, describe the features and characteristics, and give examples of the associated subphyla and classes of arthropods

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Chapter 32 Objectives: The Deuterostomes __D__ dry out from lack of water (hydration) __F__ animal whose body heat is maintained independent of the external temperature __E__ animal whose body heat goes up and down with changes in the external environmental temperature, “cold blooded” __B__ living in the trees __C__ common exit point shared by reproductive, excretory and digestive systems (literal translation is sewer) __G__ animals that nourish the embryo via a placenta __A__ formation of many new species from an ancestral species, often occurs rapidly in geological time when a new niche opens up __I__ animals that raise their young in a pouch (e.g. kangaroos) __K__ animals that incubate an egg internally, embryo gets nourishment from the yolk, and have live births __J__ animals that lay eggs and embryo is nourished by the yolk __H__ undergo a change in body form from one developmental stage to another __M__ animals where the young develop inside the uterus and nutrients are transferred from mother to embryo __L__ egg laying mammals (e.g. duckbilled platypus)

A. Adaptive Radiation B. Arboreal C. Cloaca D. Desiccate E. Ectothermic F. Endothermic G. Eutheria H. Metamorphosis I. Metatheria J. Oviparous K. Ovoviviparous L. Protheria M. Viviparous

1. Name and describe the shared derived features of chordates and vertebrates Chordates are deuterostomes. Four shared derived characters distinguish the chordates from all other groups of animals. These characters, which evolved in connection with their evolving methods of locomotion and obtaining food, are the notochord; the dorsal, tubular nerve cord; a postanal tail; and an endostyle or thyroid gland.

2. Define and give examples of oviparous, viviparous and ovoviviparous animals  Oviparous: they lay eggs, skates and some species of sharks.  Ovoviviparous: their young are enclosed in eggs and incubated within the mother’s body, many species of sharks.  Viviparous: embryos develop in the uterus, but much of their nourishment is delivered to them by the mother’s blood, few species of sharks.

3. Compare and contrast the derived features and general features of mammals, including protherian (monotremes), metatherian (marsupials), and eutherian mammals  Hair is a derived character of mammals. 11

     

Hair insulates the body, helping maintain the high constant body temperature required for endothermy. Mammals have mammary glands, which produce milk. The evolution of the cochlea, the organ of hearing in the inner ear, gives mammals’ good hearing. Fertilization in mammals is internal. A muscular diaphragm helps move air into and out of the lungs. Limbs are adapted for walking, running, climbing, or flying.

4. Name and describe the general characteristics of echinoderms

5. Name, compare and contrast the major classes of echinoderms.

6. Name and describe the ancestral features and the derived features leading to echinoderms, chordates and vertebrates. Name the four major phyla of Deuterostomes.

7. Compare and summarize the characteristics of the invertebrate Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata in Phylum Chordata

8. Review the vertebrate cladogram and distinguish between craniates, vertebrate, tetrapod, and amniote groups and name the classes in each

9. Name, describe the major features and give examples of the living clades of vertebrates (classes, orders and other taxa as discussed in class)

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10. Compare and contrast ray-finned and lobe-finned fish

11. Describe how land dwelling tetrapods evolved from lobe-finned fishes

12. Compare and contrast the two clades of modern birds

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