PSY 1000 - My Lecture Notes on Chapter 12 Objectives and Lecture- Psychological Disorders (From October 4) PDF

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October 4 Chapter 12 Objectives and Lecture- Psychological Disorders 1. Psychopathology is the scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also, abnormal or maladaptive behavior. It also refers to mental disorders themselves. 2. The five views of viewing normality: Deviation from the norm conflicts with expected behavior comprises health and/or safety is a distraction to others Example: driving on the opposite side of the road Statistical Frequency not necessary the behavior, its the extent at which the behavior occurs, too much or too little Example: constantly upset, no emotions always washing hands/bathing, only bathing once a month Comprises Health/Safety purposeful attempt Example: anorexia causes failure to thrive aggressive behavior which leads to fighting suicide, which is illegal b/c it allows (mandatory) for the person to get help Personal Distress primarily against patient themselves could also affect family if someone doesn’t want treatment Age Appropriateness based on the age of the person when it becomes a problem, not necessarily the behavior Example: mistaking a squirrel for a dog wearing clothes in public 3. A clinical psychologist would use the five axes of the DSM-IV to identify mental disorders and select the best therapies to treat them. Axis I refers to clinical disorders, most V-codes, and conditions that need clinical attention. Axis II refers to personality disorders and mental retardation. Axis III refers to general medical conditions. Axis IV refers to psychosocial and environmental problems. Axis V refers to the GAF score. 4. Personality Disorders: Dependent- you lack confidence and you are extremely submissive and dependent on others (clingy) Histrionic- you are dramatic and flamboyant; you exaggerate your emotions to get attention from others Narcissistic- you think you are wonderful, brilliant, important, and worthy of constant admiration Antisocial- you are irresponsible, lack guilt or remorse, and engage in antisocial behavior, such as aggression, deceit, or recklessness Obsessive-compulsive- you demand order, perfection, control, and rigid routine at all times

Schizoid- you feel very little emotion and can’t form close personal relationships with others Avoidant- you are timid, uncomfortable in social situations, and fear evaluation Borderline- your self-image, moods, and impulses are erratic, and you are extremely sensitive to any hint of criticism, rejection, or abandonment by others Paranoid- you deeply distrust others and are suspicious of their motives, which you perceive as insulting or threatening Schizotypal- you are a loner, you engage in extremely odd behavior, and your thought patterns are bizarre, but you are not actively psychotic 5. Spontaneous Remission is the disappearance of symptoms of a mentally ill patient without formal treatment. 6. The two problems that make up obsessive-compulsive disorder are compulsions and checking repeatedly. 7. The characteristics of major depression, suffers from one or more intense episodes of depression, are everythings looks bleak/hopeless, feelings of failure, worthlessness, total despair, extremely subdued, withdrawn, or intensely suicidal. Other types of depression are dysthymic disorder (moderate depression that persists for 2 years or more), cyclothymic disorder (moderate manic and depressive behavior that persists for 2 years or more), endogenous depression (depression that appears to be produced from within (perhaps by chemical imbalances in the brain), rather than as a reaction to life events), and seasonal affective disorder (depression that occurs only during the fall and winter; presumably related to decreased exposure to sunlight). 8. The conditions under which a person is usually judged to need help are subjective discomfort, statistical abnormality, nonconformity, context, and culture. 9. Insanity is a legal term that refers to a mental inability to manage one’s affairs to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions. 10. A person with an antisocial personality lacks a conscience. They are impulsive, selfish, dishonest, emotionally shallow, and manipulative. They are sometimes called sociopaths or psychopaths, because they are poorly socialized and seem to be incapable of feeling guilt, shame, fear, loyalty, or love. They are rarely the crazed murders. They are charming at first and their “friends” gradually become aware of the lying and self-manipulation. They coldly use others and cheat their way through life. The causes are emotionally deprived and physically abused as children and subtle neurological problems. They are rarely treated with success, they manipulate therapy like anything else. They return to their former behavior as soon as out of office. Antisocial behavior seems to tend to decline after the age of 40, even without treatment, because people tend to become more “mellow” as they age. 11. The key element of most anxiety disorders is feeling threatened and they often can’t do anything constructive about it. Generalized anxiety disorders are a chronic state of tension and worry about work, relationships, ability, or impending disaster. Panic disorders are a chronic state of anxiety and also brief moments of sudden panic, may include agoraphobia. 13. The four major perspectives in psychology that explain anxiety disorders are: Psychodynamic Approach- according to freud, disturbances like those we have described represent a raging conflict among subparts of the personality- the id, ego, and superego. The intense anxiety can be caused by forbidden id impulses for sex or aggression that threatens to break through into behavior. Constantly fears doing something forbidden or crazy.

Humanistic-Existential Approaches- humanistic believes the end product of a faulty self-image or self-concept. Anxious individuals have built up unrealistic mental images of themselves. Existentialism believe that unhealthy anxiety reflects a loss of meaning in one’s life. We must look at how courage and responsibility in our choices if life is to have meaning. They are living in “bad faith” and have collapsed in the face of the awesome responsibility to choose a meaningful existence. Behavioral Approach- anxiety attacks reflect conditioned emotional responses that generalize to new situations and the hypochondriac’s sickness behavior may be reinforced by the sympathy and attention he or she gets. Known as anxiety reduction hypothesis, explains the self-defeating nature of avoidance responses as a result of the reinforcing effects of relief of anxiety. Cognitive Approach- distorted thinking causes people to magnify ordinary threats and failures, which leads to distress. changing thinking patterns of anxious individuals can greatly lessen fears. 14. Psychosis is a withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thought and emotions, and by personality disorganization. 15. Hallucination is an imaginary sensation, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that don’t exist in the real world. The most common type is personality disintegration which occurs when a person’s thoughts, actions, and emotions are no longer coordinated....