Psychological Processes Involved IN Hypotherapy PDF

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Certain details, the black in the mouth and what he wears before the eyes (mustache and glasses as privileges of the adult male) for which Hans [Juanito] expressed anguish, seemed to me to be directly transferred from the father to the horse "(Freud, 1976: 100)....

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Psychological Processes Involved in Hippotherapy

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PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES INVOLVED IN HYPOTHERAPY

Certain details, the black in the mouth and what he wears before the eyes (mustache and glasses as privileges of the adult male) for which Hans [Juanito] expressed anguish, seemed to me to be directly transferred from the father to the horse "(Freud, 1976: 100).

In the above case, Freud's interpretation is simple: the simple Oedipus complex. The phobic object, the horse, symbolizes the father, that is to say that the child takes certain properties from the horse: the mustache, the size, etc. The fear of being bitten is the fear of the castrating figure of the father as described (Aranda et al., 1999) but with a deeper analysis, there is the possibility of another interpretation: the horse is not the father but the mother, this interpretation is not It can be so crazy. There are many arguments to think about it like this: Juanito said that the mother had a big pee-pee like that of the horse, here we can think of a devouring mother very much in the Kleinian way. Although in Freud for a small moment he affirms: "Thus, it would be believed, the horse is only a substitute for the mother." However, depending on the person and the context, the horse takes on a meaning that generally refers to the function of the father and the resolution of the basic complexes of Oedipus and Electra. Where the fixation on this animal goes through the interpretation of a desire and its satisfaction.

Hippocrates, (458 - 377 BC). In his book "Diets", he advised horse riding to "regenerate health and preserve the human body from many ailments and especially in the treatment of insomnia". In addition to that, he stated that "Horse riding practiced in the open air makes the muscles improve their tone".

Asclepiades of Prussia (124 - 40 BC). He also recommended horse movement for gouty (gout patients), epileptic, paralytic, apoplectic, lethargic, and frantic patients.

Galen (130-199 AD). Consolidator and disseminator of the knowledge of Western medicine, personal physician of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (who was a bit slow in his decisions). He recommended horse riding as a way for Marco to perform faster.

Merkurialis (1569). In his work "The Art of Gymnastics", he mentions an observation made by Galen: "Riding not only exercises the body, but also the senses" - The personal physician of the Empress Maria Teresa of Austria, who belonged to the first school of Medicine of Vienna, affirmed that the muscular fibers became less excitable, practicing this sport, reason for which the episodes of hypochondria and hysteria diminished.

Samuel T. Quelmalz (1697-1758). A doctor from Leipzig, Germany, invented in 1747 an equestrian machine demonstrating how the problem of movement and physical exercises were

faced by the doctors of the time. This machine was a kind of crane that imitated in the best possible way the effects induced by equestrian movement. In his work "Health through horsemanship", we find for the first time a reference to the three-dimensional movement of the horse's back

Gustavo Zander (Swedish). Physiatrist in mechanotherapy was the first to affirm that the vibrations transmitted to the brain of 180 oscillations per minute, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. Zander checked this, but without associating it with the horse. Almost a hundred years later, the doctor and professor Dr. Rieder (Swiss), head of the neurological unit of the Martin Luther University of Germany, measured these vibrations on the back of the horse while walking and, incredibly, they correspond exactly to the values that Zander had recommended.

Oxford University Hospital (1917). He founded the first Equine Therapy group, to attend to the large number of wounded in the First World War, also with the fundamental idea of breaking the monotony of treatment.

Liz Hartel (Denmark 1952 - 56). At the age of 16, she was attacked by a severe form of poliomyelitis to the point of not being able for a long time to move except in a wheelchair and then with crutches. She practiced horse riding before and contrary to everyone, she continued to practice it and eight years later, at the 1952 Olympics she was awarded the silver medal in dressage, competing with the best riders in the world, the public only perceived her condition when she got off the horse to get on the podium and had to use two poles

Canadians. This feat was repeated at the Melbourne Olympics in 1956. From this fact, this example of self-therapy aroused in the empirical medical class an interest in the program of equestrian activities as a therapeutic means, so much so that in 1954 it appeared in Norway the first interdisciplinary team formed by a physiotherapist and her boyfriend who was a psychologist and riding instructor. In 1956 the first associative structure in England was created.

France: Equestrian reeducation was born in 1965 as mentioned by De Lubersac and La Llieri in the introduction to their manual entitled "Reeducation through Horsemanship" (1973), although in 1963 it was already used empirically by Killilea in his book " To Karen with love. " In 1965 Hippotherapy became a didactic subject, in 1969 the first scientific work of HYPOTHERAPY took place in the Hospital Center of the University of Salpetriere in Paris, in 1972 the defense of the first thesis of the doctorate in medicine on Equestrian Reeducation was made in the University of Paris, in Val-de-Marne, Dr. Collette Picart Trintelin.

In Latin America, the pioneer countries in this activity have been Argentina, which began its activities in 1978, not only with Equine therapy activities, but also with work experiences with pigeons and dogs.

Argentina joins Brazil, and both pioneers in Equine therapy, are recognized for their actions by the different authorities, either at the level of the Ministry of Health, by the CONADIS (National Advisory Commission for people with disabilities, dependent on the

Executive power). In the last decade, this activity has been expanding and at present, centers are already opening, and with great success, in Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, Ecuador, Cuba and Colombia ”. (SACI Network)

Therefore, the present work shows in an orderly and structured way the methodological design, the tools used and the objectives set so that through detailed observation, it is possible to start a path that surely many professionals will choose as a professional exercise, it is work therapeutic and rehabilitation, where much has been done and little conceptualized, which is why, this study sets the goal of showing these valuable results in the life of a human being and contributing to the construction of knowledge from the same practice and investigative exercise as ways of building knowledge.

To achieve this goal, the work is established from the formulation of the research question, a search of the bibliographic antecedents, a design of the methodology used and the obtaining of the information expected as a result of the observation and research about the therapy with horses.

Problem Statement

The Horse therapy, equestrian therapy or Hippotherapy to make it easier to understand, is a therapy that uses the use of horses in the rehabilitation of people with various types of disabilities or pathologies, whether psychological or physical. Likewise, it can be used as complementary therapy to other physiotherapies or psychotherapies, although it has gained an important place as an alternative therapy for both because it meets both physiotherapy and psychotherapy objectives ”(Gross, 2006).

Equine therapy is so beneficial that it not only serves to rehabilitate the body, but also offers great benefits on a psychological level, as this type of therapy can be used as an adjunct in other types of processes, even in the psychological process.

Psychology and pedagogy acquire more importance in therapeutic riding, since it rides it on horseback, in addition to fulfilling its role as physiotherapy, it treats psychomotor, sensorimotor and socio-motor dysfunctions, as well as psychotherapy. In horse riding as a sport for the disabled, horse riding is done as a sport; This will give people with a certain physical and functional disability the opportunity to fully integrate into sports life. (Gross, 2006)

Carrying out an investigation on the influence and the results obtained through Equine Therapy seems a very difficult undertaking more when one inquires about the little existing bibliography, the little systematization of experiences in this matter and above all, the fear of seeing validated by The scientific community the results found, however, when presenting qualitative research as a form of inquiry, I think of the smile of several very special children who, from their innocence and throughout the Equine therapy process, have seen a significant advance in its process and its quality of life, for this reason I consider it vital and extremely important to highlight these advances and make them known.

Research question: What are the psychological processes involved in horse rehabilitation in people with multiple disabilities, both physical / motor and psychological?

goals

●

Overall objective:

Establish the psychological and therapeutic processes involved in the practice of equine therapy.

● Specific: 1.

Describe Equine therapy or horse therapy considering the historical aspects, theoretical assumptions, therapeutic objectives and activities carried out during the sessions.

2.

Identify the psychological processes that are carried out in the practice of Equine therapy or therapy with horses.

3.

Analyze the therapeutic importance involved in the practice of Equine therapy or therapy with horses.

Methodological design

The research aims to show or make known the psychological processes involved in horse therapy in children with various pathologies and disabilities; It should be clarified that the direct observation of both Equine therapy or therapy sessions with horses, as well as the social progress of some of these children, is transversal to the entire design and to the entire research proposal. For this, the methodological design proposal is given in the following steps:

Carry out an analysis of the existing bibliography, to understand what Equine therapy or therapy with horses is and what it is for in order to identify the different psychological processes that may be operating in this practice, whether or not they are explicitly recognized in the existing literature.

Conduct interviews with some of the parents (those most involved in the process of their children), about the progress, and the process in general that their son or daughter has gone through during the period in which they have attended Equine therapy or therapy with horses. This interview for the convenience of the parents was requested to be in writing, and then its transcription is made.

Interview with staff who are involved in the process and therapy with the horses. An interview will also be carried out with who is in charge of the logistics and carrying out the

Equine therapy program, and a series of volunteers who collaborate in its realization, and it is expected to interview some of them.

Obtaining a photographic record of some sessions of therapy with horses, which will be continuously attached to the investigative work; this in order to illustrate a bit all the work and make it easier to understand.

Analyze the records obtained and identify which processes are involved, and determine whether or not the research proposal was complied with.

The proposed research is structured from a qualitative method, which tries to know facts and processes; particularly, the qualitative results are analyzes and interpretations of verbal concepts and their associations; they are not, necessarily, quantities of something, frequencies of appearance or any other data, reducible to numbers. It looks less generalization and approaches specific phenomenology. It should be clarified that, in some cases, qualitative research borrows from quantitative research, the descriptive statistics tool, in order to strengthen the understanding of the qualitatively analyzed information (Bonilla & Rodríguez, 1995).

It will be carried out from the historical hermeneutical approach since it seeks to understand and give meaning to the experiences of children in relation to the horse and the therapy in which they are

both parties involved. The perception that parents or caregivers of children have about the progress, achievements or possible improvements of each child is also of vital importance, since in some the pathology or disability is so complex that it does not allow the child to express themselves your experience.

The investigative strategy uses tools to approach, describe, interpret and evaluate cases as research units in itself or in relation to other cases, all this due to the multiplicity of disorders and the complexity of some cases.

In this sense, it becomes the phenomenon or significant event of a specific dynamic of man and his group within a particular sociocultural framework. (Ramírez & others, 2004: 94), said study aims to deepen and broaden the understanding of the study proposal.

Theoretical framework

What is Hippotherapy, or horse therapy?

Hippotherapy is assumed as the “therapeutic alternative that uses the horse as a therapeutic instrument, and equestrian techniques to achieve the physical, mental, social and temperamental rehabilitation of some people with deficiencies in these areas. (García, 2010) And that is carried out thanks to the transmission of body heat from the horse, the rhythmic impulse and the threedimensional locomotion pattern equivalent to the physiological pattern of human gait.

Equine therapy is divided into three areas depending on the clinical picture of the person: Hippotherapy, riding therapy and horse riding for the disabled. Considering equestrian rehabilitation as a comprehensive rehabilitation that involves the following levels: Neuromotor, sensory, cognitive, social.

Equine therapy as a treatment involves: ● Hippotherapy.

● Equestrian rehabilitation, therapy and education. ● I flip. ● Sports horse riding. ● Social work (bio-psycho-social).

People in a situation of disability when being in contact with the horse that symbolizes strength-power-movement, through its handling allows them to improve their disability as well as raise their self-esteem and acquire greater confidence and autonomy in a progressive and constant way. This self-esteem will allow integration and relationship with the environment and with society. Contact with the horse, as well as the development of the activity in an equestrian environment, allows them to develop a sense of responsibility and stimulate their capacity for self-management. (Falke, 2009)

Developing this activity in contact with nature allows to improve the personality and achieve full development, given that these children and adolescents due to their disabilities often attend psychological and psychopedagogical clinics and treatments. Equine therapy-equestrian rehabilitation sports medicine should be considered and carried out as a comprehensive rehabilitation to reduce and / or improve physical-mental disability, and through social rehabilitation techniques achieve insertion in society of patients and their integration into the family group (Falke, 2009)

The use of the horse in this therapy dates back many centuries. Hippocrates in his book The Diets indicated horsemanship to "regenerate health and preserve the human body of many

ailments ". Personalities of medicine, science, philosophy and anthropology in their scientific works mention the horse as a" co-therapist. "In the aftermath of World War I the horse is accepted for its therapeutic use in Europe and later in different parts of the world Currently Equine therapy, equestrian rehabilitation, sports medicine allows to improve the mental, emotional, clinical and social disabilities that are the object of our concern (García, 2010)

According to the studies cited by García (2010), children and adolescents who participate in this activity have developed their neuromotor apparatus, increased their skills and achieved a better management of their body. They have improved their quality of life and therefore their family ties. Communication at home and at school has been very satisfactory. The rider-horse pairing stimulates capacity, responsibility, and confidence, as well as affirming their personality and their social and community integration. Hippotherapy used as a complement to clinicalpsychological-psychopedagogical and social treatments has proven to be of excellent medical utility in improving disabilities. And finally we thank our dear and noble animal, the horse, that each of us will call by name.

Hippotherapy by using the neurophysiological, biomechanical and psycho-evolutionary parameters of the patient, can obtain great benefits, some of these according to the studies of Falke (2009) are: it improves the physical state in general, stimulates the sensory-motor system, improves the balance, strengthen the muscles, improve coordination, reflexes and motor planning, regulate muscle tone - relax and strengthen; stimulates circulation, activates internal organs

and heart, improves movement of the pelvis, trunk, limbs, correct behavior problems, reduce anxiety, promote self-confidence and self-esteem, concentration and memory, increase social interaction and friendship, enhance the feeling of normality, improve and increase gestural communication and orally, develop respect and love for animals and human development.

It should be noted that Equine Therapy is a non-invasive treatment that complements other treatments, it never replaces them. It should not be considered as an isolated option, but as part of a set of therapeutic actions aimed at neutralizing the disability, increasing the development of residual potentials and generating new capacities (Pérez, 2011).

Therapeutic principles of Equine Therapy

For centuries the horse has put its bodily strength and speed at the service of man in the field of transport, military or sports. His willingness to serve man has been inexhaustible. Today, the horse puts at our service three specific characteristics that form the basis for the use of horsemanship as therapy: 1. The transmission of your body heat 2. The rhythmic impulse transmission 3. The transmission of a locomotion pattern equivalent to the physiological pattern of human gait.

These three characteristics become the three therapeutic principles on which Equine therapy is based, which act at all times on the rider, whether he is a disabled person or not.

1. Principle of transmission of body heat from the horse to the rider's body

Physiotherapeutic value:

The horse's heat is 38 ° C, that is, it is hotter than the human body. This acquires great importance in Equine therapy, because the horse's body can be used as a calorific instrument to relax and relax muscles and ligaments, and stimulate tactile sensory perception.

In Hippotherapy, the patient rides without a saddle and if possible bareback, which allows heat to be transmitted from the horse's back and sides to the pelvic belt and lower limbs of the patient. This effect is intensified if direct contact of the patient's skin with the horse's body is achieved without interference from clothing. The body temperature of the horse can rise up to 38.8 ° C during movement, which greatly fa...