Psychpersonality-Dr Botwin PDF

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lecture notes from the beginning of the class until now...

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Notes August 28, 2019 Assignments Examples Memorize Important Student information sheet print it out and sign it Assessment project due end of the semester The lexical Assumption: all-important behaviors that humans have are encoded into the lexicon of a language as trait terms  All the important behaviors have been encoded, in any language there might be different ways  In Asian India, their language doesn’t have descriptive language more behavioral  Language changes, when nerds became geeks and dweebs o The words “gay” how it meant “happy”  Words change and meaning changes o “hooking up” used to mean hanging out of a meeting Features of personality  collection of your genes, personality is a property of an individual o there is a distinction between the Nomenthic Vs. idiographic research approach  Idiography: “literary one”  Nomenthic: studying individuals  If you intensely study about one person you can generalize about one person’s personality  Personality organizes us or it can disorganize us o All our traits operate at the same time o The best ways or how we can avoid something we don’t want to do  Personality is always on, we don’t go home hang up our personality to use it the next day o Even if some of us are extroverted when in class we go “student mode”  Personality shows up on patterns, recurrences o This is in terms of an individual’s consistency of behaviors o This may occur across situations as well as across time.  Across situation and time (if you are the most conscious student in class, you’ll be the most conscious person in your house and at work doing everything on time)  If you know people you can predict their behavior

Ex: If you need money for books, you know if you can ask your parents and if they will give you money because you can predict how people will act  We behave generally consistent Major personality components  Personality can be viewed as a set of personality traits, o How many? 5 traits can explain a lot but enough o Organization? o Origin of traits? Some are highly genetic, related to ancestors o Consequences of having a trait? Life term to having personality traits ex: shy guys make less money, mostly because they don’t move jobs they don’t want to seek for more, they don’t speak up about raise or ideas. Directional purposive foal directed  Behaviors that moves towards a goal a certain way (old term: purposive behavior [behavior you do for a purpose])  People behave different because of their level of achievement  Ex: Were all engaged in this class and other things to get our degree, were all engaged in goal directed behavior to be able to graduate. o This explains why you may do things… o Goal directed behavior: do a lot of behavior that’s intended to accomplish of goals that outside of the context don’t make sense: when he was oclijrn in texted book with highlighter to his dad it didn’t make sense Psychological Mechanisms  Personality: is the totality of mechanisms based on: o Input/outputs o Decision rules  Ex: Guys overestimate a women’s romantic interest in a guy, a woman will smile and say hi and he things “she wants me” guys are supposed to have as much sex as they possibly can, if they miss sex they don’t have reproductive success. Women’s make guys jump hoops to see if their worthy to have sex with them Adaptions  The functional characteristics, both physical and psychological inherited from our ancestors The person VS. environment  Fundamental attribution bias: Individuals tend to attribute environmental characteristic to the personality characteristics of the salient individuals in that situation o Ex: You put people in strong situations study Zimbardo’s: experiment was about college students who were police and the others were captives as sign of authority  Ex: The officer who gives you a ticket, we attribute things to people based on the role they play (BIAS), students say 

that anybody that teaches must be smart and in some cases, they aren’t  Strong environments favor situational o i.e. Milligram study/Zimbardo study  Loose environments favor person effects  Reality is somewhere in the middle o People comply in authority (the milligram study where the guy was getting shocked) o Ex: you go to Disney land and you wait on ride lines and then you get on tide and after you see a gift shop and your being manipulated to but stuff because you heart was going crazy and you feel happy later you find you shouldn’t have spent that much money on a pointless shirt Views: People as energy based systems  Freud  Psycho People as animals  Darwin  Biological theorists  Comparative psychology People as white rants  Skinner  Behaviorists  Learning theorists People as scientists  Kelly  Cognitive theory (ex: there’s a vending machine outside of class, you put money and get something you have a hypothesis if I put my money in I will get a soda, if you don’t get anything do you put money in? no. you develop a belief) you do this with people at work and relationships Levels of analysis (how to carve up the world)  Ex: rubber chicken a knife, you cut it up at its joints to be scientist we have to be clever Human nature  There are something’s we all share o We all have characterizes o Characteristic every member of a species possesses ex: some of us see better  We are all symmetrical  Some people are smarted than other people  But we all have a average level of intelligence Sex differences (how do the sexes differ)

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There are something’s that we share as men and women and differ o We think differently and we have different sex bodies o Both systematically think differently of the world Cultural differences (how does where were born affect us?) o We think differently because of the … o No matter how you try and dice people ultimate personality psychologist say we are all unique we believe everyone is unique (everybody is a snowflake)

Psychoanalysis and analytical theory  Psych majors: Are you analyzing me? “not for free”  Freud was a psychoanalyst not a psychologist  Eric Kandel: age of insight o Kandel was fascinated with the art of Gustav Klimt o Winner of Nobel price  He Kandel wrote a book, explores the intellectual environment in early 20th century Vienna that influenced Sigmund  Most of us think of Freud of this old nasty guy coming up with sex stuff and not true.  Kandel talks about art and psychoanalysis  Discusses the relationship between art and the brain o Modernist Vienna circa 1900  Advances in arts and literature paralleled advances in science and medicine.  Scientists and artists interacted.  Great intellectual interest in human sexuality  Everybody was interested in what was going on in human sexuality  Three characteristics of vienesse modernism: The irrational mind o The human minds was largely irrational by nature.  Unconscious conflicts are present in everyone everyday o The unconscious….  Self examination: o A qyest for the rules that govern human individuality o Includes out word appearance sind inner world of private thoughts and deelings  Fraud included dreams in this area  Integration and unification on knowledge: o In modernist viene there wa san open dialogue between nilogical sciences, [sychology, litereatur, music… Antecendents to psycholanalysis  Ernst Wilhelm bon brucke

o All living things are dynamic and must now to the laws of chiumiwty and psychics o Investigated the effects of electricity and muscles o Bruckes teachings influences Freud’s work.  Joseph Breuer (1848-1925) o Found the vagus nerve was responsible for respiration o Discovered balance was related to fuild in canals of ears o One of the first to use “talking therapies” o Worked in Freud on the case “Anna O”  Charcot o Explanation of hysteria o Hypnosis: he could cure hysteria in women by hypnosis Freud Bried biological sketch of him  Born in 1856 dies 1939  Medical school influences: Brucke & Breur  Also studied under Charcot (hypnotism) in France  Used cocaine and thought he could use it for patients as therapeutic o Mix it in a liquid and drink as cocaine liquid  ZEITGEIST- Victorian era family structured and anti-semistic (we wanted to be a professor but he ended up being doctor) [because in that time only certain Jews could be professors] o He died of mouth cancer because of both the cocaine and the cigars Psychoanalytic Assumptions FREUD  Humans are energy based systems  Biological emphasis o Freud attempted to tie all his physiological ideas to biology  Motivational model: everything we do we do it for a reason we don’t do it just or nothing o We always face money, reward, time o Freud says everything we do it’s for a reason  Developmental perspective o We go through series of psychological stations; each stage we have to master a certain stage he says personality is set in stone by the time you’re 6.  HE was very influenced by Darwin and the evolutionary theory (survival and reproduction ideas)  His theory is all based on a clinical model o His theory was built on patients which was couple 100 people not many o Historians have looked at his population and new life o To see him you’d have to be rich o In his time if you were analyzed by Freud was a very big thing that a lot of people would make up symptoms so Freud would see them because it was “trendy”

o Freud therapy doesn’t fix you but helps you be aware of the way that you are which can take years and years. Freud’s energy based model…  According to Freud all psychic energy is transferred form psychical processes to psychological processes. o When we think we use up 30% of calories.  Psychological representation of as inner somatic source of excitement o Somatic is physical, when you need to take care of a need and then you wish for fulfillment August 30, 2018 Assignments Examples Memorize Important Freudian points of view Four components of a Freudian instinct (Translations of German) HTH  Source: bodily need of condition that activates the instinct. o This arousal signals the organism that the body has a need that needs to be fulfilled.  The food example: the more you don’t eat the hungrier you become, and once you eat you’re not hungry anymore (graph)  Aim (goal) o Removal of bodily excitement  You eat and you get rid of that feeling o The aim is both regressive and conservative  You want to use just enough energy to rid of the feeling  Ex: stand there using food examples and you’re getting hungry and you’re going to leave class and grab something to eat so you get a huge meal at Rally’s, by conservative means you eat a lot of food and you reach a new state which is you have a tummy ache so now you should get rid of that (causing new problems)  Object o The object has two components:  The tasks required to obtain between the wish and its fulfillment  The object itself. o Object would be anything it can take care of any instinct  Impetus  The force or strength, of the need  (we do everything for a reason)- Freud

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Materialism/ Vitalism/ Anti-Vitalism o Ex: People were in great fear of having electricity in their homes, worried about electricity leaking out of the outlets. Edison would be putting it into movies about electrocuting people. Now a day we see movies about messing up DNA and about going into different worlds. o Vitalism: a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces. o A soul that leaves out bodies when we die, Mary shelly thought we could recharge our bodies with electricity. Frankenstein is a reinvented dead corpse. We think about electricity as an everyday thing we use. Use of psychic energy (Freud) o Homeostasis o Tension reduction hydraulic model  Freudian drainable you must be able to drain the “water”  Psychic enregry moves around in the system o Displacement  Makes it out of class and all you want is a hamburger, you go drive through and you say, “I want a triple cardiovascular bypass” abd they “just sold their last one” Ever want something you want so bad and you couldn’t get it, and although you get something else it didn’t feel as good?  Displacement: involves taking out frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. Displaced aggression is a common example of this defense mechanism.  If you can’t be with the one you love, love the one that you’re with. o Sublimation  Taking something  You’re an artist and you love someone that you can’t be with so you create art to express the energy. Libidinal instincts (life instincts, libido) o The life instincts are primarily concerned with self-preservation and reproduction. o Freudians will tell you that: Anything that become sexual is sexual according to Freud.  Individuals will sexualize almost anything  Ex: Victoria’s secret: lace (when girls wear it they generalize lace that they put sexual energy in that object)

High heels: extends calf and makes women looks taller, guys like that. There is certain sexuality, generalizes to the shoes by themselves.  Or strange fetishes  Deep dark side: when people develop fetishes for pre-pubescent kids. For some reason that person thantathic is placing energy on something, and they choose to place sexual energy on kids.  Thanatos: o Death instincts o Aggressive instincts o Ultimate tension reduction  When you’re dead you’re gone, zero tension. Some Freudian theories say we strive to die to get rid of tension in our bodies.  Kate spade suicide by hanging, you think these guys have it made what’s going on with them? Freudian believes that you have so much stress so much tension that you want to relive that tension.  Anxiety: o Freudian perspective: anxiety is an unpleasant state that signals that things are not right something must be done.  We all deal with anxiety all the time and we must cope with it, and anxiety itself if not necessarily a bad thing  Ex: test anxiety: not a bad thing, the more anxiety you have the better, but not too much. If you’re not worried about the test, if you feel like “whatever” and you get a bad score it may be because you didn’t have enough anxiety or maybe too much anxiety. Types of anxiety:  Objective anxiety: o Occurs in response to a real external threat to a person  Anxiety with crossing street or when we worry about stud  Neurotic anxiety: o Phobias, occurs when there is direct conflict between ID and ego.  OCD hand washing… dirt phobias  Moral Anxiety: o Caused by conflict between ego and superego  Breaking the rules, when you steal food to feed your kids.  Traumatic Anxiety: o Caused by a physical or psychological distress  Car accident and next time you get into a car you feel car anxiety. Or bad relationship break up. The stress of it causes no hunger.  Defense mechanisms 

o Repression: rather than dealing with the anxiety you push it into the unconscious. If you keep on repressing it it’ll create it this huge ball. You can repress anything like your tuition bill that you decide not to think about it although It is still there. o Reaction formation: you take something you don’t want to deal with in the conscious mind and you push it to the unconscious mind. Ex: you are hopelessly in love with someone, and you date several months and then you get asked “why don’t we go to Vegas and get married?” so you break up with them, and you go from loving them to hating them. Ex: abused people/kids, woman beaten by male partner. Woman was the bad person and she made the man beat her, which everyone disagreed. This is a reaction formation and although woman might have hated being beaten she couldn’t find a wat out and she replaced negative emotion with positive emotion although he was doing evil mean things to her. o Fixation: it can happen at any point in your life, anxiety provoking to move forward. is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits. The term subsequently came to denote object relationships with and attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life. Ex: guy who played football and had like 250 units and they didn’t want to graduate because they didn’t want to leave school because they didn’t to become adults. September 4, 2018 Assignments Examples Memorize Important Power points are available on blackboard test: Tuesday iclicker quiz: According of Freud only some objects can become sexualized: False (everything is) Freud lecture Defense Mechanisms (definitions above)  Repression: Rather than dealing with it you press in into the unconscious. The more you repress things the bigger of a ball you’re making it, which can  Reaction formation:  Fixation:  Regression: moving to an early state of psychological. Regression is a psychological defense mechanism in which a person abandons ageappropriate coping strategies in favor of earlier, more childlike patterns of behavior.

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o Ex: When a couple has another child and their eldest child of 4 and starts acting like a baby because of the anxiety of not getting attention. o Ex: After the divorce of his parents, a 10-year-old begins wetting the bed. o A lot of us engage in temporary regression ex: you did anything fun this weekend like played sports or hiking. I would hazard a case of regression because it feels good to play as if you’re a child again. Intellectualization: is a defense mechanism by which reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and its associated emotional stress o Freud’s original defense mechanism Freud’s model of personality Three levels of consciousness: o Consciousness: this is the part of the mind that holds what you’re aware of o Preconscious: what you’re not thinking about right now  If I were to ask you to think about student ID number, you’ll be able to recall the information o Unconscious: the biggest part, where the most important things go on. Freud felt that this part of the mind was not directly accessible to awareness. The ID is in the consciousness ID: Reservoir of all psychic energy o Ex: Babies are all born as an ID from a psych perspective this leads to babies have no concept of reality, babies don’t differ between themselves and rest of the world. Babies are all ID. o ID: The most primitive part of the mind, source of all drives and urges.  Ex: When you need to take care of physical need like eating, as far as the ID goes they don’t care if the needs are taken care of reality or fantasy (in dreams you can take care of needs) The ID operates according to the pleasure principle, is the desire for immediate gratification. o Ex: Kids don’t understand any of that if kid wants cupcake they don’t know that they’re not supposed to have any. Ego: uses ID’s energy through the process of identification Eva wants cupcake and the ego says get me the energy from ID and I’ll get you want you want. The ID gets things done… ego constrains the id to reality o I want to fly across room and do this and this, the ego says yes let’s play flying and put on a cape instead of hurting ourselves o Eventually the ego can constrain

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 Ego develops within first two or three years of life EGO: Operates according to reality principle ego understands that urges of ID are often in conflict with social and physical reality o The ego understands that the ID can’t get stuff done without the Ego, ex: you go out to eat to new place and you see waiter walking in with a new plate and you don’t just grab food off the plate. The super ego entered to Freud’s mind until later on: after WWI intellectuals were changing how they saw the world. Super ego: develops from the parent’s discipline o If parents are loose and let you get away with things are will have a … Internalizes ideals, values and moral of society o Comes externally, not internal gets psychic energy form ID because by following rules you get things done. o eX: wife got apartment at a university and son had to go to day care for first time, started calling each other late at night (him and gf) “kid starting talking” she sa...