Q4.1- Answer KEY PDF

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answer key for assignment 4.1...

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Na me__ ___ __ _ANSWERKEY_ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ __ _

Da t e___ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ___ __

1 .I nt h i sgr a p h ,1 2c m2c u b e so f g e l a t i na r ep l a c e di nd y es o l u t i o n s . Wh i c hc u b es h o ws a .t h ef a s t e s tr a t eo f d i ffu s i on __ _ __ CUBE3_ _ _ b .t h es l o we s tr a t eo fd i ffu s i o n _ _ __ _ _CUBE1_ _ _ 2 .I nt h es a meg r a ph( fig ur e1 ) , wha ti st h ede p t ho fd i ffus i ona f t e r 3 0mi n ut e sf o r 7 1 0MM_ _ _ Cub e1__

Fi gur e2 .Ma r i neFi s hl os ewa t e rduet o os mos i sa tdi ffe r e ntr a t e s .

2 0MM_ __ Cub e2_ __ 30 3 5MM_ Cub e3__ _ 3 .Ho wl on gd i di tt a k ef o rt h ed y et or e a c h ad e p t hof40mm i nCu b e3? _ _ __ 38 40MI NUTES 4 . I nFi gu r e2 , t woma r i n efis hs p e c i e sa r e l os i n gwa t e rb yo s mo s i s .Wh i c ho ft het wo s pe c i e sh a st h ef a s t e s tr a t eo fwa t e rl o s s ? _ __ _ __ _ _A_ 5 .Wh i c hfis hs p e c i e ss h o wsat o t a lwa t e r l os sof 1mli nt e nmi n u t e s ?__ _B_ _ _Ho wa b ou tat o t a ll os so f3. 5ml i n1 5mi n u t e s ? _ _ _A_ __ 6 .Ho wl on gd i di tt a k eSpe c i e sB t ol o s e2 . 0mlo fwa t e r ?__ _ _1 7MI N_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ 7 .Yo uh a v ea4c m3c u b eo fBTBa g a r , a nda n8c m3c u b eo fBTBa g a r .Wh i c hon ewou l dy o u e x p e c tt ot u r ny e l l o wfir s t , wh e nb o t ha r ed r op pe di n t ot h es a mec u po fv i n e g a ra tt h es a met i me ? _ _ 4CM3BECAUSEI TI SSAMLLER–HASLARGERSA: V_ __ _ __ _ _ 8 .I tt a k e sy ou3 0mi n u t e st owa l kon emi l e–b u ty ou rf r i e ndc a nwa l kt h es a med i s t a n c e i n1 5mi n ut e s .Whi c hoft hef ol l o wi n gmus tb et r u e ? a .Yo ua r ewa l ki n ga taf a s t e rr a t e c .Youb o t ha r ewa l ki n ga tt hes a mer a t e b .Yo urf r i e n di swa l ki n ga taf a s t e rr a t e d .Yo urf r i e n di swa l ki n ga tas l o we rr a t e 9 .I n5mi nu t e sy ouc a nr unh a l fami l e .I nt h es a me5mi n u t e s , y o urf r i e n dc a nr u n¾mi l e . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi n gmu s tb et r u e ?

a .Yo ua r er u n ni n ga taf a s t e rr a t e c .Youb o t ha r er u nn i n ga t t hes a mer a t e b .Yo urf r i e n di sr un n i n ga taf a s t e rr a t e d .Yo u rf r i e ndi sr u n ni n ga tas l o we rr a t e 1 0 .I tt a k e sy o u3 0mi n u t e st owa l ko n emi l e .Youf r i e ndc a nwa l kt womi l e si n60mi nu t e s . Whi c hoft hef o l l o wi n gmu s tb et r u e ? o t ha r ewa l ki n ga tt hes a mer a t e a .Yo ua r ewa l ki n ga taf a s t e rr a t e c .Youb b .Yo urf r i e n di swa l ki n ga taf a s t e rr a t e d .Yo urf r i e n di swa l ki n ga tas l o we rr a t e 1 1 .Twoc u be so fBTBa g a ra r ed r o pp e di n t ot hes a mec upo fv i n e g a ra tt h es a met i me .Af t e rt e n mi n u t e st he ya r er e mo v e da n dc uto p e nt ode t e r mi n et h ed e p t hofdi ffu s i ono fv i n e g a ri n t ot h e a g a r . a .I fc u b eXh a d1 0mml e f tt og ob e f o r et hee n t i r ec u b ewa sy e l l o w,a n d c ub eZo nl yha d3mmt og ob e f o r et hee n t i r ec u bewa sy e l l o w, c a ny o u t e l lmewh i c hc u b ewa sl a r g e r ? _ _ __ _ _CUBEX_ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ b .Wo u l dy ous a yt h a to n ec ub eha saf a s t e rr a t eo fd i ffu s i o n?NO, RATEWASSAME I fs o , wh i c hon e ? _ __ _ __ _ __ _n o __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ I ft h er a t e swe r et h es a me , wh yd i do n ec ub et ur ny e l l o wf a s t e r ?__ _ __ _ THESMALLERCUBEHADLARGERSA: VRATI O SOTURNEDYELLOW FI RST 12 .Youh a v ea2x2x2c mc ub ea n da2x1x4c mr e c t a n gul a rc u bo i do fBTBa g a r . Cub e Cu bo i d

Wha t i st h ev o l u meo fe a c h?

8c m3_ _ _ _ __

__ _8c m3_ _

Wha t i st h es u r f a c ea r e ao fe a c h?

_ _ _2 4c m2_ _

_3 6c m2_ _

Wha t i st h es u r f a c ea r e a:v ol u mer a t i oofe a c h ?

_ _ 3: 1_ _ __ _ _

__ _ 4. 5 : 1 __

Whi c hdoy o ue x p e c tt ot u r ny e l l o wfir s t , wh e nd r o pp e di nt ov i n e g a r ? _ _ _c u b i od __ _ __ _ 4

2 2 2 2 1 VOL=LxWx H =2 x 2x2=8c m3 SA= 6 ( S2)= 6 x22=2 4c m2

VOL=Lx WxH = 4 x2x 1= 8c m3 SA=4( Lx W)+2( LxW)= 4( 4x 2)+2( 2x 1)=3 6c m2

13 .Ci r c l et h ec u bet h a tha st hef a s t e rr a t eofdi ffu s i on–c i r c l eb ot hi ft h er a t e sa r et hes a me :

abi gc ub e

o r

as ma l lc u b e

-b o t hd r o pp e di n t ot h es a met e mp/ c o n c e n t r a t i onofvi ne g a r .

abi gc ub e

o r

as ma l lc u b e

-b i gc u b ed r o pp e di nt oHo tv i n e g a r ,s ma l l c ub ed r o p pe di n t oCo l dv i ne g a r .

abi gc ub e

o r

as ma l lc u b e

-b i gc ub ed r op p e di n t o20 %v i n e g a r ,s ma l l c ub ed r o p pe di n t o3 0 %v i n e g a r .

abi gc ub e

o r

as ma l lc u b e

-b i gc u b ed r o pp e di n t o2 0 0ml of5% vi n e g a r , s ma l lc u bed r op p e di n t o50mlo f5 % v i n e g a r( a l lv i n e g a ra tr o o m

t e mpe r a t ur e ) .

1 4 .So meo ft h ec e l l si ny ou rb o d ya r ede s i g ne dt oa l l o wr a p i dd i ffu s i o no fnu t r i e nt sa n d g a s e s . Wh a t a r et h e ya n dwh a tc ha r a c t e r i s t i c sdot he s ec e l l sha v e ? Re dbl oo dc e l l sh a v eafla t t e ne dc o nc a v es h a p ewhi c hi n c r e a s e sSA: Va nda l l o wse ffic i e n t d i ffus i o n

1 5 . Wh e nac e l li sv e r yt h i n , fla to rn a r r o w, i tc a no b t a i nn u t r i e n t sq u i c k l y . Wh a tp o s s i bl e d i s a d v a n t a g e smi gh tt h e r eb et os u c hac e l ls h a p e ? I tc o u l dp o t e n t i a l l yb ee a s i e rt oe a t ( l a r g e rp r e d a t o r ) To x i n swou l da l s od i ffu s ei nmo r eq u i c kl y

Na me__ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___

Da t e_ ___ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ _

1. Two plants are growing in the same garden. One is a carrot, with a large taproot. One is wheat, with many smaller fibrous roots (see picture below). This summer there is a drought and plants are competing intensely for water – Explain, using scientific argument and evidence, which plant has the advantage.

Whe a t ,wi t hma n ys ma l l e rfibr ousr oo t s wi l lh a v eal a r g e rS A: Vr a t i o–s omo r ewa t e r wi l ld i ffus ei nt ot h e s er oo t sa n dt h ewh e a t pl a n twi l lb ebe t t e ro ffi nadr ou ght . Br a nc h i n gi sawa yt oi n c r e a s eS A.

2. Many mammals, like jackrabbits, live all across America. The Black-Tailed Jackrabbit lives in hot desert areas in the Western U.S. and Mexico. The White-Tailed Jackrabbit lives in higher altitudes, plains, prairies, and alpine meadows – all cooler areas. Explain, using scientific reasoning, which species you expect to have larger ears. The black tailed jackrabbit lives in the hot desert – having larger ears is a way for it to diffuse more heat into the atmosphere. Rabbits are warm blooded, and make extra heat which diffuses into the air (just like humans). Having bigger ears gives them a larger surface area for that heat to diffuse out into the air, away from their body.

3. Using this resource ( http://anthro.palomar.edu/adapt/adapt_3.htm ) describe three ways that human bodies adapt when living at high altitudes for long periods of time by increasing the surface area of a body part. 1. Breathing rate increases, and 2. heart rate increases, and the 3. body forms more capillaries and 4. more red blood cells and 5. more hemoglobin per red blood cell to increase the amount of oxygen they can bind and transport - as well as 6. increasing lung size so there is more surface area for diffusion. On returning to sea level after successful acclimatization to high altitude, the body usually has more red blood cells and greater lung expansion capability than needed. Since this provides athletes in endurance sports with a competitive advantage, the U.S. maintains an Olympic training center in the mountains of Colorado. Several other nations also train their athletes at high altitude for this reason. However, the physiological changes that result in increased fitness are short term at low altitude. In a matter of weeks, the body returns to a normal fitness level. 4.

In the March 15, 2011 issue of the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, researchers from the University of Colorado School of Medicine and the Harvard School

of Global Health reported that people generally live longer at high altitudes and have a lower risk of dying from coronary artery disease. The researchers speculated that mild hypoxia improves the way the heart functions and produces new blood vessels that increase blood flow for the heart. An alternative explanation presented by the authors is that increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun at higher altitudes increases the body's ability to produce vitamin D, which has beneficial effects on the heart. How would you scientifically test the hypothesis that people who live at high altitudes produce more vitamin D? You could measure vitamin D levels in people that live at altitude and people that live at sea level, and compare. You could measure your vitamin D level (as well as levels in many friends – for replication) at low altitudes then go spend a month in a high altitude environment and after a month has passed, measure your levels again to see if there is an increase. 5. In ecology, there is a rule called “Bergmann’s rule” which states that within a taxonomic clade (related species, like white tailed deer, mule deer, reindeer, and moose) populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments and species of smaller size are found in warmer regions. Why would this pattern exist? Because a larger animal has a smaller SA:V ratio and so will NOT lose their body heat as quickly as a smaller animal with a high SA:V ratio. Retaining heat is adaptive in cold environments and helps survival. 6. Leaves most likely evolved in order to increase evaporative cooling. What else can happen with a greater leaf surface area? Which are good and which are harmful? A larger surface area also allows the leaf to absorb more sunlight (for photosynthesis) and it will also have more stomata so more CO2 can be taken in (for photosynthesis). BUT, more stomata can also mean more water loss (transpiration) which can make the plant wilt.

7. Graph the following data – and write an evidence – based conclusion from it. Surface Area : Volume ratio

Length of side of a cube (cm)

6 3 2 1 . 5

1 2 3 4

1 . 1 1 0 . 9 0 . 7 0 . 6 5

5 6 7 8 9

6

5

4 S A: Vr a t i o 3

2

1

0 0

1

2

3 4 5 6 Le n gt ho fs i deofc ub e( c m)

7

8

9

1 0

Asac ub eg e t sl a r g e r , t h es u r f a c ea r e a : v o l u mer a t i og e t ss ma l l e r-t h i swi l la ffe c td i ffu s i o n .Th e l a r g e rt hes ur f a c ea r e aa sc o mpa r e dt ov o l u me , t hes ho r t e rt h ea mou n toft i meb e f o r ema t e r i a l s d i ffus ea l lt h ewa yt h r o u g ht h ec e l l...