Quiz 12 March 2020, questions PDF

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CC210 quiz review Chapter 5 – Per sonal i t y 

Explore the Psychodynamic Theory of Personality (id, ego, superego) and four major offender categories based on this theory

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Explain how different patterns of attachment contributes to offending

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Describe Eysenck’s three major personality traits and discuss how they are related to criminal behaviour

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Identify the role of personality disorders in engaging in criminal behaviour

Psychodynami ct heor y Developed by Sigmund Freud - Freud argued that the mind was divided into conscious and unconscious parts - He used the concept of an iceberg to describe it

- The top of the iceberg is the conscious mind which is comprised of the thoughts that are the focus of our attention now.

- The preconscious mind refers to all information that we have the ability to retrieve from memory and sits just below the waterline.

- The third is the unconscious mind which lies below the surface of our awareness and consists of a repository of our primitive fantasies, motivations and instincts that are the real cause of the most of our behaviour. Freud believes if you have an unusual dream are driven by your unconscious thoughts and fantasies and that certain dream symbols have meaning.

For Psychi cSt r uct ur e

Defini t i on

Pr i nci pl e

I d

Repr esent st hebasi c unc ons c i ouspr i mal humani ns t i nc t sand dr i v esf orf ood,s ur v i v al , s hel t erands ex . Pr es entf r om bi r t hand oper at esonl yi nt he unc ons c i ousmi nd.

Pl easur e:t he unc ons c i ousi ns t i nc tt o s eeki mmedi at e gr at i fic at i onoft heI d’ s des i r es ,needsand want s .

Super ego

Repr es ent st he per son’ sconsc i ence andegoi deal( i . e. , i mageoft heper f ec t s el fi nwhi c ht oas pi r e) ; i nt er nal i z edmor al s t andar dsofr i ghtand wr ongt hatar eac qui r ed f r om soci al i zat i onby par ent sands oc i et y . Oper at esi nt he c ons c i ous , pr ec ons c i ous ,and unc ons c i ousmi nd.

Mor al i t y:mot i v at i ont o behav ei nas oci al l y r es pons i bl emanneri n ac cor danc ewi t hour i nt er nal i z edmor al s t andar ds ;pr ovi des gui del i nesf ormaki ng j udgement s .

Ego

Medi at esbet weent he i d’ sneedf orpl eas ur e andt hes uper ego’ s needt oactmor al l y ; r egul at est heI d’ s demandsi nas oci al l y ac c ept abl ewayby t aki ngi nt oacc ountt he ex t er nalenvi r onment andl i mi t at i onsof

Real i t y:c ont r ol l i ngt he I d’ si mpul s esand del ay i nggr at i fi cat i on ofpl eas ur eunt i l t he dr i v ec anbemeti na t i meandpl acet hati s s af eandacc ept abl et o t her ealwor l d.

example if you want French fries your Id wants you to have them now but your ego reminds you

that you are in class and you can’t eat doing class and your superego tells you that a good student doesn’t leave class to get food.

- Freud theorized that personality is the result of ongoing interaction between these three -

-

psychic structures. Sometimes in leads to a conflict between the id and the superego and creates a lot of internal anxiety that overwhelms the ego. To manage the anxiety levels the ego may use the defence mechanisms – are unconscious processes used by the ego to protect the psyche against unacceptable levels of anxiety. Defence mechanisms are frequently heathy approaches to reducing internal stress and conflicts for example someone who has impulses to be aggressive and hit other people may transform this unacceptable urge into more acceptable, prosocial behaviour, such as UFC or boxing – this is called Sublimation. Some defence mechanisms can be maladaptive such as repression where a person pushes threatening thoughts, feelings and memories into the unconscious where they are hidden. This results in anxiety produced by leaving painful memories unaddressed can cause problems for the person in the future.

Fr eudsf ourmaj oroffendercat egor i es Week super offender - Suffers from a week, defective or incomplete superego that is unable to control the instincts of the id because these offenders lack any internalized representation of morality and ethics - They are unable to control the instincts of the id and instead act to immediately satisfy their desires. - Theory of juvenile delinquently believed that parental deprivation and lack of affection particularly during the first few years of child life is the cause of a week superego. - Example, a criminal psychopath does not have a strong sense of ethics and impulsively steals or acts aggressively towards others when the mood strikes them Week ego offender - The ego is responsible for conforming our behaviour to the executive constraints. - An undeveloped ego is a reduced ability to adapt one’s behaviour to the particular demands of the situation. - You may not be happy with your employer’s criticism, but you probably recognize that pouting or being sarcastic or passive aggressive are juvenile responses. - The week ego offender is immature gullible and dependent and has poorly devoted social skills, this offender gets into trouble by misreading the environment. - Example, a person who gets into a verbal and physical fight with their instructor because they were angry about receiving a falling grade. Normal antisocial offender

- Does not exhibit any features of maladaptive personality and has passed through the normal stages of development to become a fully functioning adult.

- This offender has been primarily socialized by and has identified with a criminal parent. - As a result, he or she has internalized procriminal attitudes and sentiments in the formation of the superego. - Example, a youth joins a gang and engages in drug trafficking as a result of adopting antisocial sentiments from an older brother who is also a gang member Neurotic offender - Is characterized by and overactive or strong superego - A superego is a representation of morality and ethics that individuals have learned though socialization. - An individual may be over socialized and hence may perceive and judge moral transgressions more harshly. - Another aspect of the superego is the ego ideal – which refers to our self- developed, inner, ideal image of the type of person we are most aspire to be. - The ego ideal can be thought of as self-imposed personal standards of conduct, ethics and appearance. - From a psychoanalytic perspective an individual with an overactive superego ego commits a moral transgression will be judged harshly by his or he superego thereby creating a great deal of anxiety and guilt. - If this feeling is left unresolved, they may manifest later in antisocial or criminal behaviour. - This criminal behaviour of the neurotic offender may reflect an unconscious desire to be punished for the past transgression. - Example, a person who was raised by overly- strict parents commits a sexual assault during a party, they violated their own extreme moral code and go on to commit further crime due to guilt.

At t achmentandper sonal i t y Developed by John Bowlby - The main thrust of attachment theory is that the quality of bond an infant share with their primary caretaker (mom, dad) has important implications for their later ability to have a meaningful relationship as an adult. - These early relationships lead to in the development of internal expectations concerning how interpersonal relationships work that we rely on as adults, including the level of safety, protection, love, and basic trust we can anticipate from other relationship

Patterns of Attachment - Patterns of early parent-child relationship serve as internal working models for longlasting adult attachment styles that impact several life outcomes, such as the quality of romantic relationships and levels of empathy and self-esteem.

Internal working models - mental templates of expectations about other people's trustworthiness and potential helpfulness. These models are developed in childhood as a result of attachment patterns with primary caretakers. Different types of patterns

Adul tAt t achment St yl e

Descr i pt i on

Sec ur eat t ac hment

Emer gesf r om s ec ur eat t ac hmenti nc hi l dhood andi sc har ac t er i z edbypos i t i v es el f i mageand pos i t i v ev i ewofot her s .

Di s mi s s i ng at t achment

Emer gesf r om av oi dantat t ac hmenti nc hi l dhood andi sc har ac t er i z edbyas t r ong,pos i t i v es el f i mageandapoor ,mi s t r us t i ngr egar dofot her peopl e.

Pr eoc cupi ed at t achment

Emer gesf r om ambi v al ent / anx i ousat t ac hmenti n c hi l dhoodandi sc har ac t er i z edbynegat i v ev i ew oft hesel fandas t r ongpos i t i v ev i ewofot her s .

Di s or gani z ed/ f ear f ul at t achment

Emer gesf r om di s or gani z edat t ac hmenti n c hi l dhoodandi sc har ac t er i z edbyac ont r adi c t or y des i r et obear oundot her swhi l eal s ok eepi ng t hem atanemot i onaldi s t anc eoutofaf earof r ej ec t i on.

Attachment and criminal behaviour - difficulties related to insecure attachment such as intimacy deflects, low self-esteem, insecurity, negative views of others, and poor empathy could bring about criminal behaviour. - Research suggest that patterns of insecure childhood attachment may be related to the later development of psychopathy. Eysenck’ st heor yofper sonal i t yandCr i me

- He developed a specific theory of trait-based personality and crime in which he proposed that the criminal personality arises from the interaction between biology and environment. - He argued that we are born with differences in autonomic nervous system (ANS) functioning, which impacts our ability to learn from the environment. - Individuals with low ANS functioning do experience the full impact of their environments. - Example a school- aged child with low ANS functioning who is singled out for misbehaving in class may experience very low levels of anxiety. In the absence of any genuine anxiety this student may not learn from punishment and as a result may continue misbehaving. Extraversion - People who have high levels of extraversion are characterized by thrill seeking, sociability, and impulsivity where introverts are unsociable, cautious and emotionally controlled. - According to Eysenck high levels of extraversion are caused by a lower functioning ANS which creates a desire for added stimulation. - Introverts are believed to have higher functioning ANS which is easily overwhelmed by excessive stimulation. As a result, the individuals tend to be quiet and withdrawn and to avoid excitement. - Extravert’s higher need for excitement and stimulation increases their like hood of engaging in impulsive risk-taking behaviour including crime. Neuroticism - People with high levels of neuroticism are emotional reactivity or poor control of emotions. - Neuroticism individuals might be described as emotionally unstable or melodramatic and be more likely than the average person to experience anxiety, anger, guilt, and depressed moods. - They respond poorly to environmental stress and are prone to interpreting ordinary situations as threatening, frustrating, and generally negative experiences. - Individuals low on neuroticism are emotionally stable, calm, and more likely to manifest even tempered behaviour. Psychoticism - A person who ranks high psychoticism is typically aggressive tough minded, egocentric, non-conforming, and cold. - People who rank lower are empathetic, cooperative, tender minded and conforming. Relation to criminal behaviour - Research has established that the strongest relationship between Eysenck’s personality dimensions and criminal behaviour has been with high levels of psychoticism - Elevated levels of neuroticism may also be related to criminal behaviour.

- In contrast, high levels of extroversion have not shown a relationship to criminal behaviour. Per sonal i t ydi sor der s Antisocial personality disorder - Is characterized by consistent disregard for and violation of the rights of others Common features  Irritability  Impulsivity  Lack of remorse  Deceitfulness  Failure to conform to rules  Irresponsibility  Reckless disregard for other’s safety Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Is characterized by a pervasive pattern of grandiosity need of admiration and lack of empathy  Grandiose sense of self- importance  Sense of entitlement  Requires excessive admiration  Arrogance  Lacks empathy  Belives they are special  Exploitative of others Whi l et her eappear st obenodi r ec tc aus all i nkbet weennar c i s s i s m andaggr es si v e behav i our ,nar ci s s i s t i cpeopl emayr eactt ot hr eat st ot hei ri nfl at edegoswi t h v i ol ence. Thenar c i s s i s t ’ sbel i efi nt hei rowns uper i or i t yi sas el f per pet uat eddi s t or t i onandi sof t en notc onfi r medbyot her sar oundt hem. Ani nflat eds el f i magecommont onar c i ss i s t sl eav est hem s us cept i bl et oc r i t i c al Nar c i s si s t swhoacc eptnegat i v eev al uat i onf r om ot her sar ef or cedt ol owert hei row f eedbac kt hatc s el f appr ai s alwhi c hl eadst ot heex per i enc eofnegat i v eemot i ons

Chapter 6 - Psychopathy

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Descr i beps y chopat hys ympt oms ,andassessmentt ool s .

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Expl ai nt her el at i onshi pbet weenps y chopat hyandcr i mi nalbehavi our

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Di s cusshowps y chopat hyi sexpr esseddi ffer ent l yamongv ar yi nggender s ,ageand cul t ur es.

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Descr i bedi ffer entt heor et i calex pl anat i onsf ort hel i nkbet weenps ychopat hyandcr i me

Description of psychopath - Created by Hervey Cleckley who identified many of the disorder’s key symptoms - Psychopathy is a higher-order construct comprising several underlying domains, just as wellness em-bodies physical, mental, and emotional health. - The domains of psychopathy relate to interpersonal affective, and behavioural symptoms Interpersonal - Interpersonal symptoms correspond to a person’s characteristic style of interacting with others. - Psychopaths are masters of impression management - They are charismatic and engaging storytellers, but the more one listens to them, the more it becomes apparent that much of what they say cannot be true. - They are also appear grandiose and egocentric - Psychopaths are also deceitful they show a remarkable facility for lying and cheating. - Even when psychopaths are caught in a lie, they tend to carry on unfazed and adjust the facts to suit their purpose. Affective symptoms - Affective symptoms relate to a person’ s emotional responses and feelings. - Psychopaths lack the range of emotions that colour the normal human experience - Example they seem incapable of feeling love, anger, sadness, or fear they way the rest of us do. - Psychopaths do not form strong emotional bonds with other people and, as a consequence, their lives are devoid of meaningful intimate relationships, close friendships, and strong family ties. - Psychopaths lack remorse for the harm they cause. - Although psychopaths sometimes express regret for their past often the statements often sincerity and appear hollow and casual. - Psychopaths also exhibit a noticeable lack of empathy. This is they are unable to appreciate the fallings of others. This may explain their apparent capacity to inflict immeasurable harm and misery on others without hesitation or discomfort. Behavioural symptoms - Many of the thing’s psychopaths do, including the crimes they commit are spontaneous.

- Psychopaths seldom persevere in anything for very long – as a result their lives are -

characterized by constantly shifting goals and plans, as evidenced by frequent changes in their relationships living arrangements occupations, and activities. Another behavioural symptom is irresponsibility and unreliability – psychopaths fail to live up to their social obligations, and their actions frequently put the physical, emotional, and financial well-being of others at risk. It is not unusual for them to leave loans unpaid, violate conditions of parole or probation, or fail to care property for dependants. Psychopaths also show a need of excitement – they are easily bored and often exhibit thrill – seeking behaviour. They may engage in risky activities that have no obvious purpose expect for the apparent thrill derived from it. Some candidly report the rush they feel when committing crimes

Assessment tools

I nt er per s onal/Affect i v eSy mpt oms Fact or1

Exampl es

Gl i bands uper fi ci al Tendst obes moot h,c har mi ng,engagi ng, c har m andv er bal l ys k i l l ed.Tel l sunl i k el ys t or i es , appear sdi s i ngenui ne,us esj ar gont os ound l egi t i mat e Gr andi os es el f wor t h

I nflat edv i ewofs el f wor t handabi l i t y , ar r ogant ,s el f ass ur ed,andcocky . Ex agger at esst at usandr eput at i on,bel i ev i ng t hems el v ess uper i or

Pat hol ogi c alL y i ng

Li esper s i s t ent l y ,canbes hr ewd,c unni ng, anddec ept i v e.

Conni ng/ mani pul at i v e

Us esdec ei tt oc heatanddef r audot her sf or per sonalgai nwi t houtconcer nf ort hei r s uffer i ng,dec ei v eswi t hc onfi denc eand f ear l es s nes s

Lac kofr emor se

Lac k sc apac i t yf orgui l t ,doesnotappr ec i at e i mpactofac t i onsonot her s ,us esi ns i ncer e apol ogi es ,mor ef ocus edonowns uffer i ng

Shal l owAffect

Emot i onsar emi ni malandc hangewi t hout war ni ng,doesnotex per i enc enor mal r ange ordept hofemot i ons

Lac kofempat hy

Col dandc al l ous ,i ndi ffer entt oot herpeopl e andt hei rf eel i ngs ,i ncons i der at e

Doesnotacc ept r es pons i bi l i t y

Ref us est ohol ds el fac count abl ef orhar m donet oot her s ,bl amesot her sorex t er nal c i r c umst ancesf ort hes i t uat i on

Behav i our alSy mpt oms Fact or2

Exampl es

Needf ors t i mul at i on

Ex c es s i v eneedf orex c i t ement ;enj oy sr i s ky , danger ousandt hr i l l i ngac t i v i t i es ;eas i l ybor ed, doesnotfi ni s hdul l / r out i net as ks

Par as i t i cLi f es t y l e

Us esot her s ;i nt ent i onal ,s el fi s h,ex pl oi t at i v e dependenceonot her sf orfi nanc esand r es our ces ,

Lac kofGoal s

Lac k sr eal i s t i c ,l ongt er m goal s ;di ffic ul t y s us t ai ni ngat t ent i onl ongenought oex ec ut el ong t er m pl ans ,l ac ki ngl i f edi r ec t i on

I mpul s i v i t y

Doest hi ngson“ s puroft hemoment ”wi t hout t hi nki ngt hi ngst hr ough,f r equentc hangesi n r el at i ons hi ps ,j obs ,sc hool ,r es i dence.

I r r es pons i bi l i t y

Const antf ai l ur et of ul fildut i esorcommi t ment s , Unr el i abl epar t nerorpar ent ,poorj ob/ academi c per f or manc eorat t endanc e,unt r us t wor t hywi t h fi nanc es / bi l l s

Poorbehav i or al c ont r ol s

Eas i l yanger edorf r us t r at ed,v er bal l yand ps y c hol ogi c al l yabus i v e,out bur s t smaybe s uddenandunpr ov ok ed.

Ear l ybehavi our al pr obl ems

Conductpr obl emsats c hoolorhomebef or e adol es cenc e,f r equentandv ar i edant i s oc i al ac t i v i t i es( e. g. ,bul l y i ng,fi ght s ,fi r es et t i ng, s ubs t anc eus e,ear l ys ex ualact i v i t y ,v andal i s m)

J uv eni l edel i nquenc y

Ant i s oc i alandc r i mi nalbehav i ourasan adol es centandt een.

Rev ocat i onof c ondi t i onalr el eas e

Qui ck l yv i ol at esc ondi t i onswhenr el eas edf r om c us t odyi nt ot hecommuni t yonc ondi t i ons

Cr i mi nalv er s at i l i t y

I nv ol v edwi t hadi v er s i t yofoff...