Quiz 2 395 PDF

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Quiz 2 395 1. A polygraph is a device used to monitor and record responses from the autonomic nervous system. The basic idea behind a polygraph is to measure an increase in the activity of the autonomic nervous system when an individual engages in deception. Theoretically, when an individual engages in deception, their body should react by increasing autonomic responses such as heart rate and sweating. For example, measuring devices are attached to the upper chest and abdomen to measure breathing. Also, sensors are attached to the fingertips to measure sweating, and sensors are attached to the arm to heart rate and blood pressure.

Although the results of a polygraph are not currently admissible in a court of law, they are however useful in other applications. Some other application of polygraphs test includes; one, too uncover information about an offender past criminal behaviour. Two, policing agencies typically use polygraph exams to weed out undesirable candidates. Three, law enforcement agencies may use polygraph tests in an attempt to elicit a confession from a suspect. Four, insurance companies may use a polygraph exam to verify the claims of the insured, Five, polygraph exams may be used to assess and monitor the activities of sex offenders on probation. Six, law enforcement agencies may use a polygraph exam to determine if an offender has violated the terms of their parole. Finally, in the past employers used polygraph exams to test employees regarding using drugs at work, engaging in theft and for screening new employees.

2. Factitious disorder is a psychological disorder marked by physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced and are adopted for no external reward. Research suggests that patients with factitious disorder might be aware they are intentionally creating their symptoms; however, they may lack insight into the underlying phycological motivations behind their actions. In contrast, malingering is marked by the intentional faking of a physical or psychological ailment with the intent of some external gain. For example, an injured military veteran may fake symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in an attempt to gain a monetary settlement from the military, such as money, or exclusion from criminal charges. Conversely, defensiveness is marked by a conscience denial or extreme minimization of physical or psychological symptoms, for example, a world war II veteran suffering from diagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder my consciously deny they are experiencing symptom of the illness. The motivations behind defensiveness may range from wanting to appear functional to being perceived by others in a favourable way.

3. In a case where an eyewitness may have difficulty recalling events from an encounter due to possible trauma, hypnosis has been utilized in an attempt to help individuals recall people or events related to an incident. There are two different types of hypnosis typically used to help recall eyewitness accounts. These include; age regression hypnosis, and television technique hypnosis. In age regression hypnosis, the individual goes back in time to attempts to re-experience the event. In television technique hypnosis the individual imagines that he or she is watching an imaginary television screen in which the events to be recalled are unfolding. Regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis for enhanced memory recall research has indicated that although an individual under hypnosis may recall more details about an event, these details are just as likely to be accurate as inaccurate. Moreover, research also indicates that individuals under hypnosis may, in fact, be more suggestible to subtle cues from the interviewer than under non-hypnosis conditions. Furthermore, because of empirical data showing the ineffectiveness of hypnosis, Canadian courts typically do not permit findings from statements made by witnesses under hypnosis

4. In an attempt to develop a national set of guidelines for law enforcement to utilize during lineups, researchers formulated the Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement. This guide contacted five guidelines to be used when exposing eyewitnesses to various lineups.  The person who conducts the lineup or photo array should not know which person in the suspect.  Eyewitnesses should be told explicitly that the criminal may not be present in the lineup.  The suspect should not stand out in the lineup as being different from the foils based on the eyewitness’s previous description of the criminal or based on other factors that would draw attention to the suspect.  A clear stamen should be taken from the eyewitness at the time of the identification and prior to any feedback as to fid or her confidence that the identified person in the actual criminal.  The entire lineup procedure should be recorded or videotaped to ensure accuracy in the process (Forth et. al, 2015 P. 150)...