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GROUP ASSIGNMENTTOPIC NO 7: BEHAVIOURAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC WATER USE - 1INTERGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (SKAA 4616)PROF. DR. ZULKIFLI BIN YUSOPPREPARED BY:NOOR AINOON BINTI SYAHNAN (SX161674KAWF04)NAJLA BINTI NASHRUDDIN (SX161940KAWF04)MUHAMAD NUR LUQMAN BIN ZAMANEE (SX153104KAWF04)NURUL SHAHI...

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GROUP ASSIGNMENT TOPIC NO 7: BEHAVIOURAL STUDY ON DOMESTIC WATER USE - 1 INTERGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (SKAA 4616) PROF. DR. ZULKIFLI BIN YUSOP

PREPARED BY: NOOR AINOON BINTI SYAHNAN (SX161674KAWF04) NAJLA BINTI NASHRUDDIN (SX161940KAWF04) MUHAMAD NUR LUQMAN BIN ZAMANEE (SX153104KAWF04) NURUL SHAHIIRAH BINTI JUSOH (SX150329KAWS04) NUR NATASHA BINTI ZULHALMI (SX150325KAWS04)

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE CHAPTER 1

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 1.

Background of the Study

1

1.2

Objectives

2

1.3

Literature Reviews

2

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY 2.

Introduction

6

2.1

Methodology flow chat

7

CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.

CHAPTER 4

Result and Discussion

8

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 4.

Conclusion

21

4.1

Recommendation

21

REFERENCES

23

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.

Background of the Study Water is an important element in daily life. Water, which covers 70 percent of the

world's volume, plays a role as a source for various uses such as cooking, washing and so on. Water also plays a role in one of the needs of the human body where the human body needs at least 8 glasses of water every day to meet the needs of the body. The same is true of plants and animals that need a lot of water to survive. Therefore, the function and role of water is not only limited to humans, but also used by plants and animals. Providing water is never free; the water needs to be collected, stored, treated and distributed. Providing too much water is a waste of money. Taking too much water from a limited source may deprive people elsewhere of water and have adverse environmental and health impacts. The role and function of water is not limited to household use only. Government departments, private agencies, corporate bodies, non-government departments (NGOs), and even the whole community also need water in their daily lives. Water is also involved in various functions today. Examples are the use of water for the purpose of building construction, cleaning of urban areas, beautification of an area and so on. Domestic use involves between 40 - 60 percent of the total water supply. Other examples of domestic use include for cooking, bathing in house and car, sanitary, watering the garden and washing clothes and dishes. (Nik Fuaad, 1990).In 1970s, a person in Malaysia use only less than 200 litres of water per day, then the amount increase to 250 litres in 1980s and now more than 300 litres (Chan,2004). As comparison, water use recommended by United Nation for Malaysia is only 200 litres.

1

With the growth of population, economic development, rapid urbanization and climate change, countries of the world is facing to a condition of water scarcity. Malaysia is blessed with abundant of rainfall that contributed to abundant of water resources, but inefficient management and abuse of water usage have resulted in water crisis that caused hardships (HASSAN, 2013). Although the number of field experiments on how people's behaviour can be changed with respect to their daily water consumption is growing, to date, most studies in this field have focussed either on explanatory socio-economic factors (e.g. water pricing, income, or family composition) or behavioural intentions and personal characteristics related to behavioural change. Therefore, in the context of environmental change it is necessary to know the trend of domestic water consumption, the significant factors contributing the increment of consumption rate and quantitative impacts of these factors on water consumption in different states of Malaysia.

1.1

Objectives The objective of this study is to discuss the behaviour of domestic water users by

urban, suburban and rural areas to see the relationship between residential areas and water consumption attitudes by domestic water users.

1.2

Literature Reviews Literature reviews are an important element in conducting a study. By reading about

the previous studies that have been conducted by researchers before, it will be able to provide an idea of the concept of the study that is being conducted. Through reading about reviews of previous works or studies can also provide important information to researchers in conducting research. The library reviews made also take into account the study conducted either in or a study conducted abroad to enable the researcher to make a comparison of the results of the study conducted.

2

Twort et al. (1985) explained that water consumption can be classified into 5 categories. First, domestic which includes home use such as food and beverage preparation, cleaning, tree watering activities and vehicle washing. The second is business, commercial and institutional purposes. All three are agricultural, dairy, horticultural, greenhouse, and farm purposes. Fourth is the use of the public such as street and sidewalk cleaning, public recreation parks, embankment cleaning and fire. The latter are activities related to waste that occur such as leaks and waste for consumers. Overseas Studies Library reviews made on previous studies abroad regarding water supply management show a very close relationship between water consumption rates and urbanization activities. Savini & Krammer (1961) explain that the process of urbanization affects the rate of water demand in the city. They also explained that urbanization has changed the flow of the river regime which is the main source of water supply. This study shows that the urbanization process that takes place around the world has highlighted the shortcomings especially in the water supply needs in the city. This argument is further strengthened by the study of Peixoto & Kettani which asserts that water is essential for any form of development, but the expansion of an area has caused the area to experience a shortage of water resources. This past study shows that the interrelationships between the rate of water consumption and the way of life in an area are very closely related. The process of urbanization that takes place in the JOURNAL OF THE MASTER'S DISCOURSE 3 (1) March 2019: 1- 10 4 will indirectly encourage population density in an area. When the population in an area increases then it will increase the rate of water consumption per capita as a whole. In addition, Lenoy (1960) has conducted a study that shows that the rate of water consumption per capita is also influenced by population growth. According to him, the total population of the city of Miami in 1960 was 1 million people with a water consumption rate of 145 gallons each. And he estimates that the increase in the rate of water consumption will increase by 4 times per person to 220 gallons of water in 1995. Next McMohan (1973) who conducted his study on water supply in large Australian cities has also proved that there is a relationship between climate factors and the amount of 3

water supply and consumption. Water needs in hot and dry climates require more high water consumption than cold climates and weather. The issue of water crisis is an issue that is happening all over the world today. Water is at an alarming level as a result of shortages, pollution, mismanagement and scrambles from various quarters (Bougerra, 2006). Although many problems face the water sector including wastewater treatment (Majlesi 2008). Thus, even if a country has inefficient water governance, water resources are indeed difficult to manage sustainably (Alam et al, 2007). Domestic Studies Next, according to Mohd. Ismail and Wan Nor Azmin (1984) explained that the water supply used for settlement, industrial, commercial and even recreational purposes has increased dramatically. And these conditions have indirectly affected the hydrological and climate regimes in the surrounding area. If we look at the use of water in Malaysia in 1980, Malaysians use up to 8.70 billion m³ of water for irrigation, industrial and domestic use. This amount increased to 11.6 billion m³ in 1990. Subsequently, in 1995 the amount of water used by Malaysians increased to 13.5 billion m³. 72% of this amount is used for the purpose of irrigating agricultural areas, especially paddy. While 15% of the total water is used for industrial purposes and another 13% is for domestic needs. According to the National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Malaysia has about 63.5 billion cubic meters of groundwater or aquifers. This amount is a huge amount until NAHRIM Director General, Dr Azuhan said that Malaysia should not face the water supply crisis. (daily news 2017). The government can use a large amount of groundwater storage in an effort to address the problem of clean water supply, especially during the dry season or river pollution. Malaysia is also a country that receives 2030 mm to 5000 mm of rainwater throughout the year. This rainwater will go through the process of water cycle which will partly be absorbed into the soil and become groundwater while the rest will enter the basin area and become surface water. So this daily precipitation is also part of the water resources in Malaysia for domestic use. Noorazuan Hashim (2000) The expectation that the supply of clean water supply in Malaysia will always exceed demand until 2020 is misplaced when the clean water supply crisis began to hit several areas in the country in 1997. The Klang Valley is a critical area hit 4

by this problem. This crisis occurred when the process of distributing clean water supply could not be done in a balanced way and was further complicated when the El-Nino phenomenon hit the country at that time.

5

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

2.

Introduction There is a growing research about domestic water the relevance of practice

approaches to understand resource consumption and here to highlight the way to save the water and how to use wisely water. These practice approaches offer conceptualisation of water demand and have been surveying by online. This is the best way methodology in medical time situation (Covid 19). Investigation and researching behavioural study on domestic water found that the next process achieves the objective of the study in the right way which is to use water carefully because the sources clean water supply is limited. Study data involved 64 respondents through online surveys. This technique was created due to the "COVID 19" medical situation. Why we give 3 days to correspondent to answer all the question because our time limited. But through online survey got disadvantages which is we do not know who we are dealing with, are they are willing to answer properly or just for fun. This data is used in studies obtained through various ages and genders. Among the active age to answer this question are between the ages of twenty-five to thirty-five years. In addition, there are also many who are married to give ideas and support about the future of Malaysia. The sources of our question are from newspaper, magazine, investigation impact bad weather on earth which cause landslide, and many more. Most of the people who responded to this survey were urban people. This is because their monthly bill status is more than RM 50. They also support newspaper clippings of low water status structures in Malaysia causing consumers to use water extravagantly. Based on the survey conducted, the dosage of water that they use every month. 6

2.1

Methodology Flow Chart

.

Research what happen.

Take all related data and news domestic water to be question

What, when, where happen to domestic water.

Make a methodology summary

Set day and number of participants

Make online survey

Figure 2.1: Methodology flow chat

7

CHAPTER 3

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.

Result and Discussion In order to know the real behavior of people when using domestic water, one online

questionnaire has been done for 64 respondents at different places including out of Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. Based on Figure 3.1, the pie chart shown 82.8% represents the age range between 25 years and 35 years old and based on figure 3.2 represents that 68.8% are from married people and the rest are from single people. From the data obtained, it can be seen that the number of households might give an effect on the behavior of a person when using domestic water. It is because of more than one person per house. For example, one house has a big family live in it and it can affect the higher usage of water.

Figure 3.1: Ages

Figure 3.2: Marital status

Besides, based on Figure 3.3 shows that 71.9% of respondents are living in urban areas and 23.4% are in suburbs and the rest are from rural areas. The cost of living is quite 8

higher if most respondents living in urban areas. As know, people who stay in urban place live at the apartment, flat, condominium is using water pump tank. They sharing water using water tanks and distribute them to the lowest level. While people who stay in suburban places has other sources of water like the nearest river to get water. Furthermore, referring to the Figure 3.4, the amount of bill tariff monthly that has been paid by respondents. the pie chart represents that 28.1% of tariff bills are more than RM50/monthly, 25% are between RM0 to RM15, 23.4% between RM30 to RM50, 20.3% between RM15 to RM30 and the rest are they did not know how much bills per monthly.

Figure 3.3: Type of residence

Figure 3.4: Monthly water bill tariff amount

Phrase taken from Bernama newspaper: “Struktur tarif air yang rendah di Malaysia menyebabkan pengguna menggunakan air dengan boros”. Based on this phrase there are 34.4% agree while 35.9% disagree with the statement (Figure 3.5). The difference between agree and disagree is just 1.5%. This is shown a lack of awareness among people to reduce water usage. There is the various answer from respondents such as consumer are usually not involved in the design and setting of tariff structures and water use for different consumer classes and how price changes would affect different categories of domestic and commercial consumers, water bills are cheaper compare to other states especially in Selangor and etc. In addition, based on Figure 3.6 shows that 79.7% are did not know how much monthly average water consumption (cubic/meter/month) has been used in their house 9

meanwhile the rest know about it. The collected data shows that the average consumption is between 12m3/month to 200m3/month. Based on the data it can be seen that most respondents do not know how much water usage has been used and do not check the bill properly. In each bill has been stated how much water consumption used on a monthly basis and it is not fixed according to daily or monthly usage. They only pay when they get the bill.

Figure 3.5: Phrase taken from Bernama

Figure 3.6: average monthly water

newspaper

consumption

Based on the collected data obtained in Figure 3.7, 84.4% respondents are disagreed if the government will increase the water bill and only 15.6% are agree with this suggestion. The main reasons they disagree are because of the living cost and electricity is expensive more than water. A few of respondents do not agree with the increase of water bill tariff is they realize the water is need to supply by local authorities and the parties involved is supposed to strengthen the recycling system in Malaysia. Besides that, for the residents of the city clean water source can only be obtained from tap water source. If the water tariff is increased this impact will affect the residents who have many households and in the B40 group. Based on disagreed opinion by respondent, the water is an easily renewable source of minerals compared to electricity which requires the cost to renew. With far different tariff levels, waste of water consumption will continue if there is no awareness effort on the part of consumers. In Malaysia, water tariffs rarely increase. Therefore, users do not focus on saving water resources provided. The cost of maintenance work is quite expensive and if the main water pipe leaks or broken, it will take a lot of time to repair and replace. 10

Figure 3.7: Agree / disagree the water rate is raised.

The pie chart in Figure 3.8 shows that 59.4% of respondents check their water pipes periodically, 15.6% of respondents check their water pipes frequently and 18.8% of respondents do not check their water pipes and the rest check the pipes all the time. This shows that there is awareness about water pipe care among consumers and know about the operation of water pipe system at home. Consumers are aware that in the event of a leak, it will be a big problem if they live in flat, apartment and condominium housing areas. Especially if the water pipe leak occurs without the user noticing such as underground pipe leakage or inside the house wall. The situation will get worse if the water starts to enter the house from the cracks in the floor, walls or ceiling of the house. For those living in terraced or multi-storey houses, water pipe leaks will not only affect the homeowners, but it will also affect the homeowners who live next door to the owners. If not addressed immediately, it can affect the safety of homeowners, causing damage to furniture, electrical connections, and impact on walls due to water infiltration and in turn result in consumers bearing high water bills. This is an attitude to be commended for saving water consumption.

11

Figure 3.8 Frequency of Pipe Inspection

Based on the above data collection in Figure 3.9, respondents bathed twice a day which is 50% and 46.9% of respondents bathed three times a day. The difference is only 3.1%. Usually a normal life routine, twice a bath is enough for someone. More than twice a bath if the user works as a technician, site supervisor, car or motor mechanic who is exposed to greasy, dust and foul odors. It can be said that employment factors also play a role in measures to save water consumption. While taking a bath, with 78.1% respondent likely to use shower faucet and 10.9 % using a bucket bath and the rest is using the bath tab and others are shown in the pie chart in Figure 3.10. By using a ‘shower’ head can avoid large water usage. Most old model ‘shower’ heads use 20 liters per minute or more. Newer models typically use nine liters per minute. This can reduce the 45% energy-saving measure can save about 28,000 liters per year per person compare to the old model ‘shower’ head which uses 20 liters per minute, if users take a shower for seven minutes each time, it means consumption of 50,000 liters per year. This is a part of how to reduce water consumption especially if you have many children or large family members in a house. If the house is occupied by two adults and three children four times a day, it requires a savings of 36,500 liters per year for each family. Furthermore, children tend to use water activities such as bathing in the yard or balcony, playing with water in a plastic water pool that needs a lot of water at one time, using a lot of foam soap that needs a lot of water to clean it. By using shower faucet while taking shower, it will slowly reduce water usage every day. Next, Based on the data obtained in Figure 3.11 shows that 31.3% of respondents did not turn off the pipes during bathing and 18.5% often turned off the pipes with the same activity. As a result of these questionnaires, we found that consumers are not aware of not 12

closing the water pipe valve is one of the behav...