Research Methods Homework 3 PDF

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Theory: A theory is used to help organize observations about a certain behavior. It describes how and why people perform these behaviors. constructs or hypothetical constructs Operational Definition: This method of measuring is based on what you observe hypothetically rather than having a set measurement. Validity: The validity of a procedure is based on how well the method of measurement properly measures the variable. Face Validity: To have high face validity in a study, the measurement method superficially measures what it is supposed to measure. Concurrent Validity: When a new study comes out it must have a new method of measurement than other studies, but it also must make sure it still measures the same variable of other studies. Predictive Validity: This type of validity measures how well the theory can predict the scores of a study. Construct Validity: If a new study would like to contribute to research it must use the same method of measurement. For it to have high construct validity the study must result in the measurement and the variable must behave the same. Convergent Validity: This type of validity is based on how well two or more different studies correlate. These studies use different methods of measuring the results, but they all must share the same scores for a construct. Divergent Validity: This type of validity is the opposite of convergent. The correlation between different studies needs to show no relationship. Reliability: How dependable the method of measurement is when collecting scores. This measurement should produce basically identical scores every time. Test-Retest Reliability: This method looks at two tests taken by the same individual to see if there is any relationship between the tests. Before and after. Parallel-Forms Reliability: This type of reliability looks at two tests taken by the same individual to see if there is any relationship between the tests, but the method used to measure the scores are different for each test. Inter-Rater Reliability: How close two researchers outcomes compare. They would observe the same study, and if the inter-rater reliability their observations would be very similar. Split-Half Reliability: The method in which a test or questionnaire is split up for measuring different variables. Ceiling Effect: When there is a set limit on how high the measurement can reach. Floor Effect: When there is a set limit on how low the measurements can go. Experimenter Bias: When a study is influenced by the experimenter’s predictions. They can manipulate the participants to act or say things to affect the results of the study. Single-Blind Research: When the person conducting the study does not know the details of the predictions of the study.

Double-Blind Research: When the researcher and the participants both do not know the details of the predictions of the study. Demand Characteristics: It anything in the study that can influence how the participant thinks or give them an idea of the main study. Reactivity: When the participants change their behavior because they realize what they are being observed for. Good Subject Role: When a participant finds out about the researcher's hypothesis and changes their behavior to produce data that supports the researcher. This is not could for data because it does not portray realistic behaviors. Negativistic Subject Role: When a participant finds out about the researcher's hypothesis and changes their behavior to produce data that negatively impacts the researcher's hypothesis. This is not could for data because it does not portray realistic behaviors. Apprehensive Subject Role: When the participant changes their behavior so they seem more likely. They will act in a way they think the researcher wants them too. This leads to people being untruthful. Faithful Subject Role: When a participant does not affect their behavior for the study. They act as if they normally would. These are the type of people researchers want to study because they give the most accurate results. Laboratory: An artificial setting where the study is conducted. The participant sees this setting as an official science place. Field: A setting that is perceived as a natural environmental setting by the participants. Nominal Scale: When the measurement of the study is split into categories that have not a relationship when comparing the impact of the category. Ordinal Scale: With this scale, the categories have a relationship based on the sequence. Interval Scale: This type of scale is based on time, but there is no real zero the scale can go below zero. Ratio scale: This type of scale is based on time. Self-Report Measures: This measurement gives results based on the participant’s view of themself. Physiological Measures: This involves measuring the brain levels in the participant to see a real representation of the behaviors. Behavioral Measures: When the researcher measures the physical behavior to collect the results. Question 2 A. A good way to test honesty is a lie detector. B. This may not produce correct events because it is based on the conductor to observe and relay the information correctly.

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Question 9 I do not think this is a good measurement for social anxiety because adults are not part of their children's social circle. It may not be reliable because a child can act differently to each adult they encounter. This is a good measurement for figuring out if people are extrovert and introvert. This is a split-half reliability because it is asking students questions to see which variable they fall into. This measurement only measures part of the idea of physical fitness. It is hard to say that if you jump high you are only all physically fit. This measurement can be reliable because people can jump at the same high, but over time people will become tired and their jump will decrease. This is not a good measurement because it does not measure intelligence, but rather someone's head. This is reliable because the measurement of someone's head will stay the same.

Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 71( 2), 230–244. h ttps://doi-org.umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.230 1. In the first experiment they used a “scramble sentence test” to prime rudeness or politeness. Based on the words they found in the scrambled was correlated to being rude or polite. 2. This method of measurement was operational, meaning that it was measuring something hypothetical. 3. The operational definition was measuring rudeness or politeness, something we can not physically observe....