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P ANAHONNGMGAAMERI KANO   

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Na g wa g i a n gmg ap i l i p i n o n gma n g h i h i ma g s i kl a b a ns amg aKa s t i l a n g s u ma k o ps aa t i nn a n gh i g i t s at a t l o n gd a a n gt a o n . Na i wa g a y wa ya n ga t i n gb a n d i l an o o n gi k a 1 2n gHu n y o1 8 9 8 , t a n d an g p a g k a k a r o o nn a t i nn gk a l a y a a n . Na h i r a n gs i He n . Emi l i oAg u i n a l d on o o nb i l a n gu n a n gp a n g u l on gRe p u b l i k a n gPi l i p i n a s , s u b a l i t a n gk a l a g a y a n gi t o ’ yn a g i n gp a n a n d a l i a nl a ma n g s a p a g k a t b i g l a n gl u mu s o ba n gmg aAme r i k a n o . Pi n a s o kn gmg ama n u n u l a t n aPi l i p i n oa n gl a h a t n gl a r a n g a nn gp a n i t i k a n t u l a dn gl a t h a l a i n , t u l a , k we n t o , d u l a , s a n a y s a y , n o b e l a , a t i b ap a . Ma l i wa n a g n ama b a b a s as amg aa k d an i l aa n gp a g i b i gs ab a y a na t p a g a s a mn g Ka l a y a a n .

MGAMANUNULATSAP ANAHONNGMGAAMERI KANO CECI L I OAPOST OL    

I s i n i l a n gn o o n g1 8 7 7 T h eGr e a t e s t F i l i p i n oEp i cPo e t i nSp a n i s h Ab o g a d oa t Pi s k a l s aMa y n i l a Su mu l a t n gmg at u l a n gh a n d o gs amg ab a y a n i a t t u mu t u l i g s as amg a Ame r i k a n o  T u l a n g“ Ka yRi z a l ” a n gt u l a n gh a n d o gn i y ak a yk a yDr . Ri z a l n ai p i n a l a l a g a y n ap i n a k a ma i n a mn at u l a n gp a p u r i .

 MANUELBERNABE    

CLAROM. RECT O  Na g i n gp a n g u l on gL u p o nn gSa l i g a n gBa t a s .  T i n i p o nn i y aa n gk a n i y a n gmg at u l as a“ Ba j oL o sCo c o t e r o s ”( Sai l a l i mn g Ni y u g a n ) .  Na g i n gb a t a s a n gt a g a p a y on gk a p u l u a n , k a g a wa ds aKa t a a s t a a s a n g Hu k u ma n , n a g i n gp a n g u l os ama b a b a n gk a p u l u n g a nn gmi n o r y a  Na g i n gk i n a t a wa nn gPi l i p i n a ss aPa n d a i g d i gn aHu k u ma ns aNe t h e r l a n d  “ An gDa mp aKo n gPa wi d ” L OPEK. SANTOS  Aman gBa l a r i l a , n o b e l i s t a , ma k a t a , a t p o l i t i k od a h i l s i y aa yn a g i n g s e n a d o r .  T i n a g u r i a n g“ Ha l i g i n gPa n i t i k a n gPi l i p i n o ” , s u b a l i t ma sk i l a l ar i ns i y as a k a r a n i wa n gp a l a y a wn aMa n gOp e n g .  Ka g a wa da t p a t n u g o t n gSu r i a nn gWi k a n gPa mb a n s a  Pr o p e s o r n gWi k as aUP  “ Ba n a a ga t Si k a t ” a n gk a n y a n go b r ama e s t r o

F ERNANDOMARI AGUERRERO    

I s i n i l a n gn o o n gMa y o3 0 , 1 8 7 3 Sa g i s a gs aPa n u l a t : F u l v i o , Gi l , F l o r i s e l , He c t o ra t T r i s t a n . Ma h i g p i t n ak a a g a ws ak a r a n g a l a nn i Ce c i l i oAp o s t o l n a g l a b a sn ga n t o l o h i y a / k o l e k s y o nn gmg at u l an ap i n a ma g a t a n gCr i s a l i d a s ( “ Mg aHi g a d ” )

J ESUSBAL MORI     

I s i n i l a n gn o o n gEn e r o1 0 , 1 8 8 7 Ma ys a g i s a gn aBa t i k u l i n g( i s a n gu r i n gp u n o ) Pi n a r a n g a l a nn ai s a n gma k a t a n gp a n d a i g d i gs aKa s t i l an o o n g1 9 3 9 Na k a l a b a ns ab a l a g t a s a nn i Ma n u e l Be r n a b e Na h i r a n gs i y a n g“ Po e t aL a u r e a d os aWi k a n gKa s t i l a ”

I s i n i l a n gn o o n gPe b r e r o1 7 , 1 8 9 0 I s a n gma ma ma h a y a ga t ma k a t a n gl i r i k o Pa k s a i n : Mg aPi s t aa t Pa g d i r i wa n g T i n i p o na n gk a n y a n gt u l as ai s a n ga k l a t n ap i n a ma g a t a n g“ Ca n t o sd e l T r o p i c o ”( Mg aAwi t n gT r o p i k o )

J OSECORAZ ONDEJ ESUS    

Ma ys a g i s a gn g“ Hu s e n gBa t u t e ” T i n a g u r i a n gHa r i n gBa l a g t a s a na t Ma k a t an gPa g i b i g T i n a wa gr i n g" Pe p i t o "n o o n gk a n y a n gk a p a n a h u n a n . “ I s a n gPu n o n gKa h o y ” t u l an ai t i n u r i n gn ak a n y a n go b r ama e s t r o

AMADOV . HERNANDEZ  Ma k a t an gMa n g g a g a wa  Ma k a t a , k we n t i s t a , n o b e l i s t a , ma n d u d u l a , ma ma ma h a y a g , p o l i t i k oa t l i d e r ma n g g a g a wa

 

“ An gPa n d a y ”a n gk a y a n gp i n a k a o b r ama e s t r a

F L ORENT I NOCOL LANTES  Sa g i s a gp a n u l a t n a“ Ku n t i l Bu t i l ”  Ma l i b a ns aT a g l o g , ma r u n o n gd i ns i y a n gma g s a l i t an gKa p a mp a n g a n , I l o k a n oa t Bi s a y a  Ki n i l a l a n gb a t i k a n g“ d u p l e r o ”n gk a n y a n gp a n a h o na t n a h i r a n gn aI k a l a wa n g Ha r i n gBa l a g t a s a noPr i n s i p en gBa l a g t a s a n .  “ L u ma n gSi mb a h a n ” -o b r ama e s t r a  I L DEF ONSOSANT OS      

I s i n i l a n gn o o n gEn e r o2 3 , 1 8 9 7 Ka u n a u n a h a n gg u r on gPi l i p i n os aNa t i o n a l T e a c h e r ’ sCo l l e g e Sa g i s a gPa n u l a t : I l a wSi l a n g a n . Pa g s u l a t n gt u l aa t p a g s a s a l i ns at a g a l o gn gi b a n ga k d a Si y aa n gn a g s a l i ns aT a g a l o gn gPa mb a n s a n gAwi t .

T EODOROGENER    

Na g i n gp a n g u l on g“ Ka p i s a n a n gI l a wa t Pa n i t i k ” Ma k a t aa t No b e l i s t aMa n a n a g a l o g Ka l i h i mn g“ Sa n g g u n i a nn gmg aPa n t a sn gAk a d e my an gWi k a n gT a g a l o n g ” Ob r ama e s t r an i y aa n gp a g k a k a s a l i ns aT a g a l o gn gn o b e l a n gk a s t i l an a “ Do nQu i j o t ed el aMa n c h a ”

I ÑI GOEDREGALADO      

Od a l a g e r s a g i s a gp a n u l a t Pa t n u g o t n g“ Mi t h i ” , “ Pa g k a k a i s a ”a t “ Wa t a wa t ” i s a n gk we n t i s t a , n o b e l i s t aa t ma ma ma h a y a gs al a r a n g a nn gp a n i t i k a n Pu n o n gp a t n u g o t n g“ L i wa y wa y ” Ma y a k d an gMa d a l i n gAr a wa t Sa mp a g u i t a n gWa l a n gBa n g o

SEVERI NOREYES  Ki l a l as i y ab i l a n gAman gSa r s u e l a n gT a g a l o g

 T i n a t a wa gn aDo nBi n o ya t g u ma mi t n gs a g i s a gn aL o l aBa s y a n g  Aman gL i n g g u h a n gL i wa y wa ya t Aman gDu l a n gPi l i p i n o  “ Wa l a n gSu g a t ” o b r ama e s t r an ap u ma p a k s as ak a p a n g y a r i h a nn gp a g i b i g s amg at a o n gt u n a yn an a g ma ma h a l a n .  AURELI OT OLENT I NO  I s a n gma n d u d u l a , ma k a t a , a t ma n g a n g a t h a  Na b i l a n g g od a h i l s aa k d an i y a n gma yt e ma n gma k a b a y a na t ma p a n g h i ma g s i k  Aman gDu l a n gKa p a mp a n g a n  Ka h a p o n , Ng a y o na t Bu k a s ” -o b r ama e s t r an at u mu t u l i g s as amg aI n t s i k , Ame r i k a n o , Ka s t i l a , p a t i n aa n gmg aPi l i p i n o n gn a g t a k s i l s as a r i l i n gb a y a n .  HERMOGENESI LAGAN    

Ki l a l as at a wa gn aKaMo h i n g Ba n t o gn ama n d u d u l aa t k i n i k i l á l a n g“ Ama n gDu l a a n gT a g a l o g . ” I s as i y ás ama s i g a s i gn at a g a p a g t a g u y o dn gs a r s u we l a n gF i l i p i n o . I t i n a t a gn i y aa n g“ Co mp a ñ aI l a g a ”n an a g i n gma t a g u mp a ys ap a g t a t a n g h a l n gd u l as aGi t n a n gL u z o n  Ak d a : Da l a g a n gBu k i d , Da l a wa n gHa n g a l a t Bi y a y an gPa g i b i g 

PANAHONNGHAPONES  Gi n t o n gPa n a h o nn gp a n i t i k a n gPi l i p i n o( 1 9 4 1 1 9 4 5 )  Na b a l a ms ak a n i y a n gt u l o y t u l o yn as a n a n gp a g u n l a dn a n gmu l i t a y o n g s a k u p i nn gi s an an a ma n gd a y u h a n gma p a n i i l a n gmg ah a p o n e s .  I s a n gb i y a y as al a r a n g a n gp a n i t i k a nn gb a n s aa n gp a n g y a y a r i n gi t oa y o ns a i l a n gmg aPi l i p i n o .  I p i n a g b a wa l n gn a mu mu n o n gHa p o na n gp a g g a mi t n gwi k a n gI n g l e s .  Ma l i b a ns aT r i b u n ea t Ph i l i p p i n eRe v i e w, a n gl a h a t h a l o sn gp a h a y a g a ns a I n g l e sa yp i n a t i g i l n gmg aHa p o n e s . T ULASAP ANAHONNGMGAHAPONES A.HAI KU  I s a n gt u l a n gma yma l a y a n gt a l u d t u r a nn ak i n a g i g i l i wa nn gmg aHa p o n e s .

 I t o ’ yb i n u b u on gl a b i mp i t o n gp a n t i gn an a h a h a t i s at a t l o n gt a l u d t o d .  An gu n a n gt a l u d t o dn i t oa yma yl i ma n gp a n t i g , a n gi k a l a waa yp i t o n g p a n t i g , a t a n gi k a t l oa yl i ma n gp a n t i g( 5 , 7 , 5 ) .  Ma i k l i l a ma n ga n gh a i k un g u n i t n a g t a t a g l a yn gma s a k l a wa t ma t a l i n h a g a n g k a h u l u g a n . HAL I MBA WA: T UT UBI Ni Go n z a l oK. F l o r e s Hi l amo ’ yt a b a k…. An gb u l a k l a kn a n g i n i g , Sap a g l a p i t mo . B.T ANAGA  T u l a dn gHa i k u , i t o ’ yma i k l i n g u n i t ma ys u k a t a t t u g ma .  An gb a wa t t a l u d t o da yma yp i t o n gp a n t i g .  Na g t a t a g l a yd i nn gmg ama t a t a l i n h a g a n gk a h u l u g a n . HAL I MBA WA: P AL A Y n i I l d e f o n s oSa n t o s . Pa l a ys i y a n gma t i n o , Na n gh u ma n g i ’ yy u mu k o , Ng u n i ’ t mu l i n gt u ma y o , Na g k a b u n g an gg i n t o .

SUL I RANI NNGI NI WANGDI GMAAN  An ge k o n o mi y an gb a n s aa yh u ma n t o n gs ak a b a b a a n .  Ma sb i n i g y a n gp a n s i na n gmg ag e r i l y ak a y s ak a b u h a y a n gp a mb a n s a .

HUKBALAHAP( HUKBONGBAY ANLABANSAHAPON)  Bi n u b u on gp a n g k a t n gmg ag e r i l y a n gma yp a g k i l i n gs ak o mu n i s mo .  I s ap a n gp a ma n an gd i g ma a nn an a g i n gma l a k i n gs a g a b a l s ap a mb a n s a n g k a u n l a r a n gp a n g e k o n o mi k o . Ma r a mi n gb a y a ns ag i t n a n gL u z o nn o o n g1 9 5 0a n gma y“ t a g o n gp a ma h a l a a nn g mg ah u k ”n a :

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n a k a p a n i n i n g i l n gb u wi s

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n a k a p a g p a p a k a l a t n gmg ak a u t u s a n

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n a k a p a g p a p a t a wn gp a r u s al a b a ns a s a r i l i n gp a g l i l i t i s

T I MP ALAKP ALANCA  Pi n a mu n u a nn i Gi n o o n gCa r l o sPa l a n c aSr .  Ma g p a h a n g g a n gn g a y o na yp a t u l o yp ar i ns ap a g b i b i g a yn gg a n t i mp a l aa n g t i mp a l a cn ai t ob a g a ma t a n gt u ma t a ga yy u ma on a .  An gl a r a n g a n gp i n a g k a k a l o o b a nd i t oa ya n gma i k l i n gk we n t o , d u l aa t t u l a . Mg an a g wa g i s aUna n gT a o nn gTi mp a l a k :

C. KARANI WANGANY O  An gk a t a n g i a nn i t oa yn a t a l a k a yn as ap a n i mu l a n gp a g a a r a l n ga k l a t n a i t o . P ANAHONNGI SI NAUL I NGKALAY AAN

Un a n gg a n t i mp a l a–“ Kwe nt on i Ma bu t i ”n i Ge n o v e v aEd r o z a

I k a l a wa n gGa n t i mp a l a–“ Ma b a n gi sn aKa ma y … Ma a mo n gKa ma y ”n i Pe d r oS. Da n d a n

I k a t l o n gGa n t i mp a l a–“ Pl a ne t a , Bu wa na tmgaBi t u i n”n i El p i d i oP . Ka p u l o n g

P ANI TI KANSAP ANAHONNGAKTI BI SMO1 9 7 0 1 9 7 2  Ma r a mi n gk a b a t a a na n gmg an a g i n ga k t i b i s t au p a n gh u mi n g i n gp a g b a b a g o s ap a ma h a l a a n .  Ma r a mi s ak a b a t a a na n gn a n i n i wa l a n gd i n a“ d e mo k r a t i k o ”k u n d i i s an a n g “ g o b y e r n o n gKa p i t a l i s t a ”a n gu mi i r a l s aa t i n gb a y a ns a p a g k a t d a ma n g d a ma r a wn i l aa n gl a l o n gp a g h i h i r a pn gmg ama h i h i r a pa t l a l o n gp a g y a ma nn g mg ama y a y a ma n .  Ma ymg ak a b a t a a n gn a p a b i l a n gs ab a g o n gh u k b on gb a y a n( Ne wPe o p l e ’ s Ar my )  Ma ymg an a g i n g“ Bu r g i s ” r a d i k a l or e b e l l e d  Ma y r o o nd i n gmg an a n a n a t i l i n gp a r a n gmg awa l a n gp a k i a l a ms at a k b on g p a ma h a l a a n . P ANAHONNGDUGUANGPLAKARD  I t oa n gp a n a h o n gmi n s a np a n gp i n a t u n a y a nn gk a b a t a a n gPi l i p i n on ah i n d i l a g i n gp a g y u y u k on gu l oa t p a g i l a gs ah a n g i na n gb u mu b u on gk a n y a n g p a g k a l a h i a t p a g k a b a n s a .   “ Pa n i t i k a n gPi l i p i n os aKa u n l a r a nn a n gBa n s a ”  G. PONCI ANOPI NEDA ANGKALAGAY ANNGP ANI TI KAN  Na g p a h a y a gn gd a md a mi n gp u n o n g p u n on gp a g h i h i ma g s i k .  Ma l i b a ns ama k i n i l y aa yg u ma mi t d i ns i l an gp i n s e l a t i s i n u l a t s aPL AKARD, s aPUL ANGPI NT URAa n gmg ak a u g n a yn as a l i t a n gn a g p a p a h a y a gn g k a r a i n g a na t p i k i k i b a k a .  T i n a l a k a yn i l aa n gk a a b u l u k a nn gl i p u n a na t p u l i t i k a .  P ANI TI KANSAP ANAHONNGBAGONGL I PUNAN

 Na g s i mu l aa n gPa n a h o nn gBa g o n gL i p u n a nn o o n gi k a 2 1n gSe t y e mb r e , 1 9 7 2 .  Na g p a t u l o yp ar i na n gGa wa dCa r l o sPa l a n c as ap a g b i b i g a yn gp a t i mp a l a k .  Ka r a n i wa n gp a k s a i nn gmg aa k d a :  L u n t i a n gRe b o l u s y o n( Gr e e nRe v o l u t i o n )  p a g p a p l a n on gp a mi l y a  wa s t o n gp a g k a i n( n u t r i t i o n )  “ d r u ga d d i c t i o n ”  Pa g s u g p os ama l a l a s wa n gb a b a s a h i na t a n gmg aa k d a n gn a g b i b i g a yn g ma s a ma n gi mp l u we n s i y as amo r a l n gmg ama ma ma y a n .  An gl a h a t n gp a h a y a g a n gp a mp a a r a l a na yp a n s a ma n t a l a n gp i n a h i n t o , a t ma g i n ga n gmg as a ma h a n gp a mp a a r a l a n .  Na g t a t a ga n gPa ma h a l a a n gMi l i t a rn gb a g o n gk a g a wa r a nn at i n a wa gn a “ Mi n i s t r i ngKa ba t i r a ngPa n gma d l a ”u p a n gs i y a n gma ma h a l aa t s u mu b a y b a ys amg ap a h a y a g a n , a k l a t , a t mg ai b ap a n gb a b a s a h i n g p a n l i p u n a n .  Mu l i n gi b i n a l i kn gUn a n gGi n a n gI me l d aRo mu a l d e zMa r c o ss a p a g p a p a n i b a g o n g b u h a ya n ga t i n gmg as i n a u n a n gd u l at u l a dn gSe n a k u l o , Sa r s u e l a , Emb a y o k an gmg aMu s l i ma t i b ap a .  Na g i n gl a g a n a pd i na n gp a g a a wi t n o o ns awi k a n gPi l i p i n o . Ma g i n ga n gmg a i p i n a d a d a l as ai b a n gb a n s aa ya wi t i n gPi l i p i n or i na n gi n a a wi t .  An gmg al i n g g u h a n gb a b a s a h i nt u l a dn gKi s l a p , L i wa y wa y , a t i b ap aa y ma l a k i a n gn a i t u l o n gs ap a g p a p a u n l a dn gp a n i t i k a n . Na g i n gl a g u s a ni t on g ma n u n u l a t u p a n gma i l a t h a l aa n gk a n i l a n gmg aa k d a .

AWI T I NSAP ANAHONNGBAGONGL I PUNAN

 “ T LAk oSaI y o ”n gCi n d e r e l l a( 1 9 7 5 )  Na g b a g oa n gt a k b on gk a s a y s a y a nn ga wi t i nn gmg aPi l i p i n oa n ga wi t i n gi t o n an a g i n gp o p u l a rs at a wa gn ah i mi g Ma y n i l a .  Bi n u b u oi t on gi l a n g“ b a l b a l ” n aPi l i p i n on ama yk a k a i b a n gk u mp a sk a y a ma b i l i sn at i n a n g g a pn gmg at a o .  Na g i n gt a n y a gd i ns i Ri c oJ . Pu n os ap a g a wi t n gh i mi gMa y n i l at u l a dn g k a n y a n g“ Th eWa yWeWe r e . ”Ka b i l a n gd i ns i n a : F r e d d i eAg u i l a r–An a k , F l o r a n t e–Ak o ’ yPi n o y , J o s eMa r i Ch a n , T i t o , Vi ca t J o e y

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