Rrl2 PDF

Preview

Summary

literature...

Description

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES In this chapter the related literature and related studies were presented and the researchers considered it to help them in seeking some necessary information needed in the study through journal readings, internet surfing and thesis readings. The researcher conducted a survey on different libraries related to her study. As she digs further, she encountered a little difficulty in searching because of the unavailability of her needed reference materials. RELATED LITERATURE *Childs psychology p.455* HetheringtonThe family is both the earliest and the most sustained source of social contact for the child. A family is a social unit in which the adult partners or spouses and the children share economic, social, and emotional rights and responsibilities as well a sense of commitment or identification with each other. Even though many contemporary families have new and different structures, family relationships remain the most intense and enduring of all interpersonal and social bonds. Family members share not only their memories of the past but also their expectation of sharing future events and experiences. It is largely this continuity overtime that makes the family relationship qualitatively different from the shorter-lived relationships children have with playmates and friends, teachers, neighbours, and ultimately co-workers. Children carry their memories of the past family interactions in their perceptions and feelings

about family members and in the standards they hold not only for family behaviour but for the behaviour of people in general.

*psychology*Lahey*p.204-205* In 1999, almost 58 percent of women with children in the age of three, and nearly 53 percent of mother of infants in their first year of life, were in the labor force(Bureau of Labor and Statistics,2000). Early non-parental child care is now a way of life for most U.S. families, and its impact is the subject of much debate. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) is an annual survey of some 12,600 women, accompanied by assesments of their children. An analysis of 1994 NLSY data (Harvey 1999) has found little or no effect of early maternal employment on children’s compliance, behavior problems, self-esteem, cognitive development, or academic achievement. Three- and 4-year-olds whose mothers had returned to work later were slightly more compliant than children the same age whose mother had returned to work sooner, and children whose mother had worked long hours during the first 3 years scored slightly lower on tests on vocabulary and achievement during the early school years; but these differences were small and faded over time. As in number of other studies, early maternal employment did seem to benefit children in low-income families by increasing the family’s resources. The study found no significant effects of Father’s working hours. One way parent’s working affects children is through substitute child care. In 1995, of the nearly 21 million children under the age of 5 who were not yet in school, about 60 per cent received nonparental child care- 21 percent from other relatives, 3

percent in child care centers, 14 percent in family child care homes, and 4 percent from sitters in the child’s home. *p356* During the important early stages of development-infancy, childhood and most of adolescence-we typically lived with our parents. They give us food and shelter, protect us from danger, and provide many of our early learning experiences. Parents play a key role in giving children a healthy start in life. But although parenting is important, we as a society provide parents with no training in how to raise their children. For this case the researcher will emphasise the style of parenting that are best for children. *child psychology*464* Family systems theorists would argue that what is important in child socialization is not any particular parental dimension of behaviour but the overall combination of these behaviors. The four parenting styles are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved. Authoritarian parenting is harsh, unresponsive, and rigid, and in which parents tend to use power-assertive methods of control. Authoritarian parenting was linked with the behaviour of conflicted-irritable children, who tended to be fearful, moody, and vulnerable to stressors. These parents were rigid, power-assertive, harsh and unresponsive to their children’s needs. In these families, children had little control over their environment and received little gratification. Authoritarian child rearing had more negative long-term outcomes for boys than for girls. Sons of authoritarian parents were low in cognitive and social competence. Their academic and intellectual performance was poor. They were unfriendly and lack of self-confidence, initiative, and leadership in their relations with peer. Authoritative parenting was

correlated with the behaviour of the energetic-friendly children, who exhibited positive emotional, social, and cognitive development. Authoritative parents were not intrusive and permitted their children considerable freedom. At the same time, they imposed restrictions in areas in which they had greater knowledge or insight, and they were firm in resisting children’s efforts to get them acquiesce to their demands. In general, warmth and moderate, restrictiveness, with the parents expecting appropriately mature behaviour from their children, setting reasonable limits but also being responsive and attentive to their children’s needs, were associated with the children’s development of self-esteem, adaptability, competence, internalized, control, popularity with peers, and low levels of antisocial behaviour. Authoritative parenting continued to be associated with positive outcomes for adolescents, as it was with younger children; responsive, firm parent-child relationships were especially important in the development of competence in sons. Permissive parenting, although it produced affectionate relationships between parents and children, was correlated with children’s impulsiveaggressive behaviour. Excessively lax and inconsistent discipline and encouragement of children’s free expression of their impulses were associated with the development of uncontrolled, noncompliant, and aggressive behaviour in children. The fourth type, uninvolved parenting, characterized parents who were indifferent to or actively neglected their children and were” motivated to do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs in time and effort of interaction with child”. Uninvolved parents are the parent centered, rather than child centered; they focus on their own needs. Particularly when a child is older, these parents fail to monitor the child’s activity or to know where she is, what she’s doing, or who her companions are. This parenting pattern is

sometimes found in mothers who are depressed and in people under the stress of such things. Their own anxiety and emotional neediness may drive some parents to pursue self-gratification at the expense and neglect of their children’s welfare. Parent involvement plays a crucial role in the development of both social and cognitive competence in children. In infants, lack of parental involvement is associated with disruptions in attachment and in older children it is associated with impulsivity, aggression, noncompliance, moodiness, and low self-esteem. Adolescents and young adults whose parents are uninvolved are likely to be truant, to spend time on the sreets with friends whom the parents dislike, to be precociously sexually active, to have drinking problems, and to be delinquent. *child psychology*p.458* Couples who share child care and household chores have more time for playful and pleasurable interactions with their children and increase their chances of witnessing developmental milestones like a child’s first word or staggering steps. Moreover, children’s academic, social, and athletic successes are more fun if involved partners share them. *childs world*439-440* Young people who grow up in tribal peasant socisties, who must focus on production of the bare necessities of life, live very different lives from adolescents in technologically advanced societies. By comparison even with some postindustrial societies, as in Asia, where schoolwork and family obligations are strongly stressed, European and U.S. adolescents have a great deal of discretionary time. As youngsters move through adolescence, much of this time is spent talking and “hanging out” with peers, and increasingly with peers of the other sex.

Just as adolescents feel tension between dependency on their parents and the need to break away, parents often have mixed feelings, too. They want their children to be independent yet they find it hard to let go. Parents have to walk a fine between giving adolescents enough independence and protecting them from immature lapses in judgement. These tensions often lead to family conflict, and parenting styles can influence its shape and outcome. Also, as with younger children, parents’ life situationtheir work and marital and socioeconomic status- affects their relationships with teenage children. *child psychology*469* There may be more than one explanation of why Asian American students outstrip European American and other cultural groups in academic performance. Steinberg proposed that the character of the peer groups with whom Asian and other students identify and socialize makes the difference: Asian students on average ae more supportive of academic achievement. However, other, much earlier factors in children’s lives may also be at work. It seems likely that the supportive Asian peer group is reflecting a kind of childrearing that has no real U.S. equivalent. An Overseas Filipino (Filipino: Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat) is a person of Filipino origin who lives outside the Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad indefinitely as citizens or as permanent residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad for a limited, definite period, such as on a work contract or as students. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos

Release Date:

Thursday, April 27, 2017https://psa.gov.ph/content/total-number-ofws-estimated-22million-results-2016-survey-overseas-filipinos The number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at anytime during the period April to September 2016 was estimated at 2.2 million. Overseas Contract Workers (OCWs) or those with existing work contract comprised 97.5 percent of the total OFWs during the period April to September 2016. The rest (2.5 %) worked overseas without contract (Table 1).

There were more females than males among the OFWs, with the female OFWs comprising 53.6 percent of the total OFWs. Female OFWs were generally younger than male OFWs, with more than two-thirds (67.8%) of the female OFWs belonging to the age group 25 to 39 years. In comparison, male OFWs in this age group made up 57.4 percent. Male OFWs aged 45 years and older accounted for 23.9 percent of all male OFWs while their female counterparts in this age group made up 13.8 percent (Table 1).

Among occupation groups, elementary occupations (34.5%) comprised the largest group followed by those who worked as service and sales workers (19.0%), plant and machine operators and assemblers (12.8%), and craft and related trades workers (11.6%) (Table 2).

CALABARZON reported the biggest share of OFWs with 21.0 percent, followed by National Capital Region and Central Luzon with 12.9 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively. Forty-seven percent of the total OFWs came from these three regions. Meanwhile, Cordillera Administrative Region reported the least share of OFWs at 1.8 percent (Table 3).

4Specific to the landscape of Philippine education, admission to public schools inbasic education is easier than admission to private schools that are selective. *hey aren o t o bli ge d to ac ce pt ev er y chi ld , an d i n m a ny pr iva te s ch ool s, a dm iss io n is ve ry com pe ti ti ve. *h is m igh t be bec au se p ri vat e s cho ol s ar e em pow er ed t o im pl em e nt admission criteria in consonance with their vision as educational institutions aside fromthe higher school fees involved.*his had lead to the increase in enrolment in public schools. *he data showed that an average of $,#"$,/"= students enroll in public high schools in the Philippines inco nt ras t w it h pr iva te hi gh sc ho ols wi th  , " /= ,  #$ s tu de nt s !C 6*> , Dep 6d " ## ;% accounted for "#.=0 percent of the average total enrollees. *eacher-student ratio was=0?  in the public schools while in private schools, it remained ";?  !SE "##"-"##4 to"##&-"##0 Dep6d 'act Sheets "# from www.deped.com.ph%. 2f one is to subscribe tothe argument that smaller classes lead to higher student achievement !  rnstein and...