Rules of citation - Neetij Rai PDF

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RULES OF CITATION Research is and its provenance can always be checked. Research is also demanding and consistent in assessing empirical All these features mean that referencing and citing are vital components of academic practice. Citation is a reference to another document in support of an argumen...

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RULES OF CITATION -

Research is evidence-based, and its provenance can always be checked. Research is also demanding and consistent in assessing empirical ‘facts’. All these features mean that referencing and citing are vital components of academic practice.

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Citation is a reference to another document in support of an argument. A reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or treatise that either substantiates or contradicts a given situation.- Black's Law Dictionary, 8th edn.

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It is a process of giving reference, proving that the reference is authentic and genuine.

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It provides the readers with the path to verify information and obtain further broad knowledge about reference methods.

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It is 'acknowledging the source of information.'

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Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc. from another place.

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"A citation is both a signpost and an acknowledgement. As a signpost, it signals the location of your source. As an acknowledgement, it reveals that you are indebted to that source."Judy Hunter

What to cite 

Facts, figures, ideas, or other information that is not common knowledge

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Ideas, words, theories, or exact language that another person used in other publications

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Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters, articles, web pages, theses, etc.

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Another person's exact words should be quoted and cited to show proper credit

When in doubt, be safe and cite your source! -

Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track down publications, including:

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author name(s)

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titles of books, articles, and journals

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date of publication Page 1 of 8

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page numbers

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volume and issue numbers (for articles)

Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and which style was used to create them. For Journal Author - R. Langer Article Title - New Methods of Drug Delivery Source Title - Science Volume and issue - Vol 249, issue 4976 Publication Date - 1990 Page numbers - 1527-1533 American Psychological Association (APA) style: Langer, R. (1990). New methods of drug delivery. Science, 249(4976), 1527-1533. Modern Language Association (MLA) style: Langer, R. "New Methods of Drug Delivery." Science 249.4976 (1990): 1527-33. Chakrabarti Habi Education Academy College of Law Style Guide For Book Author- S.R. Myneni Book's name- Legal Research Methodology Place of publication- Haryana Publishing house- Allahabad Law Agency Published year- 2015 Page no.- 42 'Myneni S.R., Legal Research Methodology (Haryana: Allahabad Law Agency, 2015) 42'.

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Legal Citation -

It is a standard language that allows one writer to refer to legal authorities with sufficient precision and generality that others can follow the references. A reference properly written in “legal citation” strives to do at least three things, within limited space:

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identify the document and document part to which the writer is referring

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provide the reader with sufficient information to find the document or document part in the sources the reader has available (which may or may not be the same sources as those used by the writer), and

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furnish important additional information about the referenced material and its connection to the writer’s argument to assist readers in deciding whether or not to pursue the reference.

Importance of Citation (2075: SQ) 1. It profoundly enhances ethos (credibility) when we cite our sources. Doing so proves that we are well informed about the topic and that our work can be trusted to be accurate. Doing so also proves that we are honest. 2. It provides ground for authenticity as it enables better verification of our work. 3. It helps to be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas. 4. It helps to avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors. 5. It allows our reader to track down the sources we used by citing them accurately in our paper by way of footnotes, a bibliography or reference list so that they may pursue it in their own research. 6. Citations map the space of our discipline, and allow us to navigate our way through your chosen field of study. 7. Citations also make your writing more persuasive. 8. It enhances integrity in research and researcher.

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What Is Plagiarism? -

In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.

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Plagiarism is using the words or ideas of others and passing them off as your own. Plagiarism is a type of intellectual theft.

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Plagiarism occurs when you borrow another's words (or ideas) and do not acknowledge that you have done so. In this culture, we consider our words and ideas intellectual property; like a car or any other possession, we believe our words belong to us and cannot be used without our permission.

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With the advent of the Internet and easy access to almost limitless written material on every conceivable topic, suspicion of student plagiarism has begun to affect teachers at all levels, at times diverting them from the work of developing students’ writing, reading, and critical thinking abilities.

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There are two important factors that must be understood in order to understand Western concepts of plagiarism. First, in the English-speaking world, people believe that ideas and written expressions of ideas can be owned. When an author writes down a particular set of words and phrases expressing a specific idea, this author in effect owns those words and that idea. Therefore to use these words without giving the author credit is to steal them. This is very different, for example, from the Eastern idea that words and ideas belong to the culture and the society and should be shared by all individuals. Second, Westerners believe that writing is a visible, concrete demonstration of a writer’s knowledge, insight, and academic skill. Thus, to represent another person’s writing as your own is to misrepresent your own accomplishments. This is a type of fraud or deception.

Three steps to learning about plagiarism It's important to know -

what plagiarism is, Page 4 of 8

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what form it takes (some common types of plagiarism are listed here).

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develop effective academic skills to avoid plagiarism.

Following are common types of plagiarism:

Using the same or very similar words to the original text or idea without acknowledging the source or using quotation marks. This includes copying Copying

materials, ideas or concepts from a book, article, report or other written document, presentation, composition, artwork, design, drawing, circuitry, computer program or software, website, internet, other electronic resource, or another person's assignment, without appropriate acknowledgement.

Changing a few words and phrases while mostly retaining the original structure and/or progression of ideas of the original, and information without Inappropriate paraphrasing

acknowledgement. This also applies in presentations where someone paraphrases another’s ideas or words without credit and to piecing together quotes and paraphrases into a new whole, without appropriate referencing.

Collusion Presenting work as independent work when it has been produced in whole or part in collusion with other people. Collusion includes 

students providing their work to another student before the due date, or for the purpose of them plagiarising at any time

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paying another person to perform an academic task and passing it off as your own

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stealing or acquiring another person’s academic work and copying it

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offering to complete another person’s work or seeking payment for completing academic work.

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This should not be confused with academic collaboration.

Inappropriate

Citing sources which have not been read, without acknowledging the

citation

'secondary' source from which knowledge of them has been obtained.

‘Self-plagiarism’ occurs where an author republishes their own previously written work and presents it as new findings without referencing the earlier work, either in its entirety or partially. Selfplagiarism

Self-plagiarism is also referred to as 'recycling', 'duplication', or 'multiple submissions of research findings' without disclosure. In the student context, self-plagiarism includes re-using parts of, or all of, a body of work that has already been submitted for assessment without proper citation.

Causes of Plagiarism 

Students may fear failure or fear taking risks in their own work.

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Students may have poor time-management skills or they may plan poorly for the time and effort required for research-based writing, and believe they have no choice but to plagiarize.

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Students may view the course, the assignment, the conventions of academic documentation, or the consequences of cheating as unimportant.

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Instructors and institutions may fail to report cheating when it does occur, or may not enforce appropriate penalties.

Why is Plagiarism unethical for three reasons? 

Firstly, it is unethical because it is a form of theft. By taking the ideas and words of others and pretending they are your own, you are stealing someone else’s intellectual property.

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Secondly, it is unethical because the plagiariser subsequently benefits from this theft.

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Thirdly, a degree is evidence of its holder’s abilities and knowledge. If a student gains employment on the basis of a qualification they have not earned, they may be a risk to others.

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REFERENCE http://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf https://cmsw.mit.edu/writing-and-communication-center/avoiding-plagiarism/ https://essaywritingserviceuk.co.uk/advice-and-guidance/the-importance-of-citation/ https://lawschooltoolbox.com/why-citations-are-important-and-should-not-be-ignored/ https://libguides.mit.edu/citing https://medium.com/@write4research/why-are-citations-important-in-research-writing97fb6d854b47 https://student.unsw.edu.au/plagiarism https://student.unsw.edu.au/what-plagiarism https://student.unsw.edu.au/why-referencing-important https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/1-200

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