Sample/practice exam 30 October 2020, questions and answers PDF

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Biological Psychology, Chapter 5, VISION...

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1. What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds bar in a particular orientation 2. Why does the periphery of the retina detect faint lights better than the fovea does? More receptors converge their input onto each bipolar cell. 3. Initially, researchers determined how many types of receptors we have for determining color: by developing a trichromatic spectrometer. 4. The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the: blind spot 5. Color constancy depends on which part of the nervous system? area V4 of the occipital lobe 6. Which of the following is TRUE according to the law of specific nerve energies? Any stimulation of the auditory nerve is perceived as sound. 7. The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the: dorsal stream 8. The one additional feature that hypercomplex cells have that complex cells don't is: hypercomplex cells have a strong inhibitory area at one end of its receptive field. 9. Which cell responds most strongly to a stimulus moving perpendicular to its axis? Complex 10. Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect: retinal disparity 11. Ganglion cells near the fovea in humans and other primates are called _________ ganglion cells. Midget 12. How do the receptive fields of the inferior temporal cortex compare to those of the primary visual cortex? They are sensitive to larger more complicated patterns. 13. If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ? orientation (angle) of a line that they respond to. 14. What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus? Complex 15. Various types of _____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features. amicrine cells 16. Damage to the magnocellular pathway would most likely lead to the loss of: motion perception 17. A man has suffered brain damage that has left him unable to recognize the faces of his wife and children, although he can identify them by their voices. What is his condition? Prosopagnosia 18. _______ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light. Photopigments 19. Color perception depends MOSTLY on the: parvocellular pathway 20. According to the trichromatic theory of color vision: our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones.

21. Magnocellular cells are to _____ as parvocellular cells are to _______ movement; color 22. In the case of blindsight, losing conscious visual perception would most likely be associated with: loss of visual imagination 23. Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs. V1 24. Which of the following characterizes the fovea? It has the greatest perception of detail. 25. The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks: have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina 26. The pathway associated with integrating vision and movement progresses from the occipital cortex to the: parietal cortex 27. Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the: primary visual cortex 28. Blindsight refers to: the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field. 29. An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called: visual agnosia 30. When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity: increases in the fusiform gyrus 31. People with motion blindness probably have suffered damage to the: middle-temporal cortex 32. Once information is sent to the secondary visual cortex it: may return to the primary visual cortex 33. In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ______. bipolar cells 34. To what does "shape consistency" refer? We can recognize objects even at different orientations. 35. The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area? area MST 36. _____ modify the _____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light? opsins; photopigments 37. The primary visual cortex is also known as the: striate cortex 38. Which theory emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of 3 kinds of cones? Young-Helmholtz theory (trichromatic theory) 39. When cells in the middle temporal cortex respond to visual stimuli, their response depends mostly on the: speed and direction of movement 40. In comparison to the rods, cones are more: sensitive to detail

12. The law of specific nerve energies states that: a. any stimulation above the threshold produces an action potential. b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light. c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on the strength of the stimulus. d. perception of a repeated stimulus fades. 13. In what order does visual information pass through the retina? a. bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells b. ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells d. receptor cells, ganglion cells, bipolar cells 14. The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell? a. ganglion cells b. bipolar cells c. horizontal cells d. rods and cones 15. Which of the following characterizes the fovea? a. It has more rods than cones. b. It surrounds the point of exit of the optic nerve. c. It falls in the shadow cast by the pupil. d. It has the greatest perception of detail. 16. Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color? a. horizontal and amacrine cells b. rods c. both rods and cones d. cones 17. Which theory emphasizes the idea that color vision depends on the relative responses of three kinds of cones? a. volley theory b. opponent-process theory c. retinal theory d. Young-Helmholtz theory (trichromatic) 18. Color constancy is the ability to: a. recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting. b. see color, even in very faint light. c. differentiate among many colors and hues. d. perceive all wavelengths as the same color. 19. The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of: a. the color of the object. b. the diffraction of light from the edge's surface. c. fatigue of the rods and cones. d. lateral inhibition in the retina. 20. In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition? a. glial cells b. ganglion cells c. bipolar cells d. horizontal cells 21. Which ganglion cells, if any, are located mostly in or near the fovea? a. They are all distributed equally. b. Magnocellular c. Koniocellular d. Parvocellular 22. Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the: a. hypothalamus. b. primary visual cortex.

c. thalamus. d. retina. 23. Once within the cerebral cortex, the magnocellular pathway continues as a pathway sensitive to: a. movement. b. depth. c. visual memories. d. details of shape. 24. Damage to the dorsal stream may interfere with: a. reaching out to grasp an object. b. perceiving the movement of an object. c. remembering something seen at a previous time. d. describing what is seen. 25. Which of the following would most strongly excite a simple cell in the primary visual cortex? a. square picture frame b. donut c. diffuse light throughout the visual field d. loud sound 26. What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"? a. whether it is sensitive to the orientation of the stimulus b. whether its receptive field is monocular or binocular c. whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location d. the shape of its receptive field 27. An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision is called: a. hemianopsia. b. blindsight. c. prosopagnosia. d. visual agnosia. 28. Color perception depends MOSTLY on the: a. lateral geniculate. b. parvocellular pathway. c. superior colliculus. d. magnocellular pathway. 29. The ability that you have to determine that your eyes are moving, instead of the room that you are in, is a function of which brain area? a. area MST b. primary visual cortex c. inferior temporal cortex d. MT 30. Most of the neurons in the visual cortex of very young kittens respond to: a. both eyes, and continue that way. b. one eye, and continue that way. c. both eyes, but later fine tune to only one. d. one eye, but later develop binocular control. 31. Children with strabismus fail to develop: a. any kind of depth perception. b. the ability to recognize faces. c. stereoscopic depth perception. d. perception of movement. 1. What happens when you see something? A. You send out sight rays that strike the object. B. Light rays reflect off the object and strike your retina. C. You send out sight rays, and light reflecting off the object strikes your retina. D. You neither send out sight rays nor receive light rays onto your retina.

2. What is the route from retinal receptors to the brain? A. Receptors send axons directly to the brain. B. Receptors connect to bipolars, which connect to ganglion cells, which send axons to the brain. C. Receptors connect to ganglion cells, which connect to bipolars, which send axons to the brain. D. Receptors connect to amacrine cells, which send axons to the brain. 3. Where does the optic nerve exit from the retina? A. At the blind spot B. At the fovea C. From the edge of the fovea D. Diffusely from all parts of the retina

4. Why is vision most acute at the fovea? A. The fovea is closest to the pupil. B. The fovea has an equal ratio of cones to rods. C. The cornea produces the least distortion of light at the fovea. D. Each receptor in the fovea has a direct line to the brain. 5. Vision in the periphery of the retina has poor sensitivity to detail but great sensitivity to faint light. Why? A. Toward the periphery, the retina has more midget ganglion cells. B. Toward the periphery, the retina has more cones and fewer rods. C. Toward the periphery, the retina has more convergence of input. D. Toward the periphery, the light falls farther from the blind spot. 6. Why do some people have greater than average sensitivity to brief, faint, or rapidly changing visual stimuli? A. They do not have a blind spot in their retina. B. The blind spot in their retina is smaller than average. C. They have more axons from the retina to the brain. D. They have four types of cones instead of three. 7. Suppose you perceive something as red. According to the trichromatic theory, what is the explanation? A. Light from the object has excited your long-wavelength cones more strongly than your other cones. B. Light from the object has excited your short-wavelength cones more strongly than your other cones. C. Ganglion cells that increase response to red and decrease their response to green are firing strongly. D. The cortex compares activity over all parts of the retina and computes that one area is red. 8. If you stare at a white circle surrounded by a green background, and then look at a white surface, you perceive a green circle surrounded by a red background. What does this observation imply about the opponent-process theory? A. We perceive colors based on the pattern of input to the bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina. B. The mechanisms of color vision vary from one species to another. C. Opponent-process color perception depends on the visual cortex, not just the cells in the retina. D. The opponent-process theory is wrong. 9. An object that reflects all wavelengths equally ordinarily appears grey, but it may appear yellow, blue, or any other color, depending on what? A. Brightness of the light B. Contrast with surrounding objects C. The culture in which you grew up D. The ratio of cones to rods in your retina 10. Color vision deficiency demonstrates which fundamental point about perception? A. Color is in the brain and not in the light itself. B. Each sensory system depends on a different part of the cerebral cortex. C. Color perception varies because of cultural influences. D. Fatiguing a receptor can lead to a negative afterimage. 1. What do horizontal cells in the retina do? A. They inhibit neighboring receptors. B. They inhibit bipolar cells. C. They inhibit ganglion cells.

D. They stimulate ganglion cells. 2. In humans, what crosses to the contralateral hemisphere at the optic chiasm? A. Half of each optic nerve, the part representing the nasal half of the retina B. Half of each optic nerve, the part representing the temporal half of the retina C. Half of each optic nerve, originating from random parts of the retina D. All of each optic nerve 3. What is the function of lateral inhibition in the retina? A. To sharpen borders B. To enhance colors C. To recognize objects D. To increase attention 4. Suppose light strikes the retina in a circle, surrounded by dark. Which bipolar cells will show the greatest response, and which will show the least? A. Bipolars connected to receptors in the centre of the circle respond the most. Those connected to receptors farthest from the circle respond the least. B. Bipolars connected to the receptors just outside the circumference of the circle respond most. Those connected to receptors just inside the circumference respond least. C. Bipolars connected to the receptors just inside the circumference of the circle respond most. Those connected to receptors just outside the circumference respond least. D. All bipolars within the circle respond equally, and those outside the circle do not respond at all. 5. What is the shape of a receptive field of a ganglion cell? A. Either a bar or an edge, in a fixed position B. Either a bar or an edge, anywhere within a large area of the retina C. Either a bar or an edge, with a strong inhibitory field at one end D. A circle, with a surround that responds in the opposite way 6. What is the shape of a receptive field of a simple cell in the primary visual cortex? A. Either a bar or an edge, in a fixed position B. Either a bar or an edge, anywhere within a large area of the retina C. Either a bar or an edge, with a strong inhibitory field at one end D. A circle, with a surround that responds in the opposite way 7. In contrast to parvocellular neurons, magnocellular neurons are more sensitive to ____. A. color B. small details C. movement D. the fovea 8. If you were in a darkened room and researchers wanted to know whether you were having visual fantasies (without asking you), they could measure activity in which brain area? A. The retina B. The lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus C. The primary visual cortex D. The parietal cortex 9. In most cases, blindsight apparently depends on what connection? A. From the thalamus to the temporal cortex B. From the occipital cortex to the temporal cortex C. From the thalamus to the frontal cortex D. From the occipital cortex to the frontal cortex 10. What evidence suggests that certain types of feature detectors operate in the human visual cortex? A. When you examine Mooney faces, at first you see only meaningless blobs, but with time and effort you start to perceive faces. B. After you stare at a waterfall or other steadily moving display, you see stationary objects as moving in the opposite direction. C. An electrode traveling through a section of the cortex may encounter one neuron after another with receptive fields in the same orientation. D. Children who are deprived of input in one eye become attentive only to the other eye.

11. If a kitten has one eye shut for its first few weeks of life, its visual cortex becomes insensitive to that eye. Why? A. The receptors die. B. Any axon that is not used for that long becomes unable to respond. C. Activity from the active eye inhibits synapses from the inactive eye. D. The visual cortex becomes responsive to sounds instead of light. 12. What early experience, if any, is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortex? A. Cortical cells will always maintain binocular responsiveness, regardless of their experience. B. Cortical cells must receive some input to each eye every day. C. Cortical cells must receive an equal amount of input from the two eyes. D. Cortical cells must usually receive simultaneous input from the two eyes. 13. If someone is born with dense cataracts on both eyes, and the cataracts are removed years later, what happens? A. The person remains permanently blind. B. The person gradually recovers all aspects of vision. C. The person gains some vision, but remains impaired on object recognition, motion vision, and depth perception. D. The person gains almost all aspects of vision, but remains greatly impaired on color perception 1. The ventral stream of the visual system is specialized for which of these? A. Identifying locations B. Coordinating vision with movement C. Peripheral vision and vision under poor lighting D. Detailed identification of objects 2. If someone can identify objects, but does not seem to know where they are, what location of brain damage is likely. A. Primary visual cortex (V1) B. Middle temporal cortex (MT or V5) C. Secondary visual cortex (V2) D. Parietal cortex 3. What is distinctive about visual perception in the inferior temporal cortex? A. Cells respond only to objects that are symmetrical. B. Cells respond in proportion to the brightness of light. C. Cells respond only to objects that are moving at a particular speed. D. Cells respond to an object regardless of the angle of view. 4. The fusiform gyrus is specialized for which of the following? A. Recognizing faces and other highly familiar objects B. Maintaining color recognition despite changes in room lighting C. Identifying the direction and speed of a visual object D. Coordinating vision with hearing and other senses 5. If someone has trouble recognizing faces, what pathway in the nervous system is probably deficient? A. Connections between the primary visual cortex and area MT (V5) B. Connections between the fusiform gyrus and part of the occipital cortex C. Connections between the temporal cortex and the parietal cortex D. Connections between the occipital cortex and the primary motor cortex 6. What happens after damage limited to area MT? A. Motion blindness B. Face blindness C. Color blindness D. Night blindness 7. Why is it difficult to watch your own eyes move when looking in the mirror? A. The eye movements are too fast to see. B. The eye movements are too small to see. C. During a saccadic eye movement, the eyes do not move relative to the background of the rest of the face. D. During saccadic eye movements, activity decreases in area MT....