Sample/practice exam April 10 Autumn 2018, questions and answers PDF

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Chapter 8

Define:   

Synarthrosis: Immovable joints Amphiarthrosis: Slightly moveable joints Diarthrosis: Freely moveable joints

Provide an example of the following: 



 

Suture - Sewing together between 2 - For example a synarthrotic joint between the bones of the skull Synostosis - A totally rigid, immoveable joint formed by the fusion two separate bones and the boundary between them disappears. Syndesmosis - A ligamentous connection between the bones of the lower leg ( tibia & fibula) Synovial, (a structural example of Diarthrosis) - Permit a wider range of motion than do other types of joints

Define Monoaxial -

An articulation that permits movement in only one axis

What subcategory of diarthrosis provides the greatest range of motion? -

Triaxial or Ball and Socket Movement An articulation that permits movement along three axis. Examples: shoulders and hip joints

Within Synovial joints, define and provide examples of: Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Ball and socket joints. 

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

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Gliding Joints - AkA: planar joints, have flattened or slightly curved faces - Ex: Found between the carpals Hinge Joints - Permit angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door, synovial joints - Ex: Elbow, Knee, Ankle Pivot joints - These are monoaxial, capable of only rotation - Ex: Atlas and Axis Saddle Joints



- Have a saddle shaped articular faces - Ex: the joint at the base of the thumb Ball and Socket Joints - AKA- Triaxial joints - The shoulder permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body

Describe the Third-class lever.  

The most common levers in the body In this lever system, the applied force is between the resistance and the fulcrum

Define:        

Abduction- swinging the upper limb to the side of the limb Adduction- moving it back to the anatomical position, a movement towards the midline of the body Flexion= is the movement in the anterior posterior plane that decreases the angle between bones Supination- the opposing movements of Pronation, in which the palm is turned anteriorly Plantar Flexion- the opposite movement, extends the ankle joints and elevates the heel, as when you stand on tiptoe Dorsiflexion- is flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel? These of course involve the foot Inversion- a twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole Opposition- is a special movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm allowing to grasp an object and hold on to it.

The Joint between the vertebrae is an example of what type of joint? 

The joints between the vertebrae’s superior and inferior articular processes, of adjacent vertebrae, are gliding joints

Define Herniated Discs: 

Caused by the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus

What makes the elbow joint be so stable?   

The boney surface of the humerus and ulna interlock The articular capsule is very thick The capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments

List the 5 ligaments associated with the hip joint?



Four Broad Ligament. The first 3 are Regional Ligaments - Iliofemoral ligament - Pubo-femoral ligament - Ischiofemoral ligament - Transverse acetabular ligament - Ligamentum teres ligament

Structurally, how many joints the knee resemble? 

3 joints, even though the knee joint is only one joint

What ligaments reinforce the back of your knee? 

2 popliteal ligaments

What ligament provide support to the anterior surface or the front of the knee joint? 

The Patellar Ligaments, including the patellar retinacular

Provide the function of the:  

Medial & Lateral Menisci - Act as cushions and conform to the shape of the articulating surfaces Cruciate ligament: anterior cruciate ligament (SCL and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) - These ligament limits the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles

What ligaments reinforce the lateral surface of the knee joint? 

Fibular collateral ligament

Chapter 9...