Science Grade 10 - Biology Notes PDF

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Summary

Notes from the biology portion of grade 10 biology...

Description

Biology notes Plant and Animal Cells -

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Cell parts and their functions o Cell Wall - found only in plant cells; structure/ protection o Cell Membrane - protection o Nucleus - control centre of a cell o Mitochondrion - powerhouse of the cell o Chloroplast - found only in plant cells; conducts photosynthesis to make food for the plant o Vacuole - stores nutrients, wastes, toxins and other substances o Nuclear Membrane - surrounds the nucleus o Nucleolus - small dense area in the nucleus o DNA - coded information for making proteins and other molecules o Chromosome - contains DNA o Endoplasmic Reticulum;  Rough ER - makes proteins  Smooth ER - makes fats and oils o Cytoplasm - fills the cell and surrounds the organelles o Lysosome - digests invading bacteria and damaged cell organelles o Golgi Bodies - modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery throughout or outside the cell o Centrioles - found only in animal cells; involved in cell division Plant vs Animal Cells Plant Cells

Animal Cells

Cell wall

No cell wall

Chloroplasts are present

Chloroplasts are absent

One large vacuole

Many small vacuoles

Centrioles are absent

Centrioles are present

The Microscope -

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Parts and function o Ocular Lens - lens that you look through; usual magnification is 10x o Revolving Nose Piece - holds the objective lens; can be rotated to change lens o Objective Lens - magnifies the specimen o Stage - platform to place the slide o Stage Clips - clips on the stage that hold the slide to the stage o Diaphragm - controls how much light falls on the specimen o Light Source - illuminates the specimen o Coarse Adjustment Knob - moves stage up or down o Fine Adjustment Knob - adjusts fine focus on the specimen Calculating Magnification o The magnification of the objective lens times the magnification of the ocular lens (eye piece)

Drawing Biological Drawings -

Things to remember o completed in pencil o approximately a half-page in size o title, below the drawing, underlined o magnification listed below the title o labels are to the right of the diagram, a ruler is used o detail (shading, stippling, proportionality) o evident that care and effort has been put into the drawing o clear drawing - another classmate can tell what it is by looking at it

o if framed with a circle, circle is drawn neatly Identifying Tissue Types from Slides -

Animal Tissues o Epithelial  Simple Squamous - exchange (because of thickness)

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Simple Cuboidal - secretion, absorption

o Nervous - receive/ send signals and messages

o Muscle  Striated Voluntary - voluntary movement

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Smooth Involuntary - involuntary movement (blood circulation, food digestion, etc)

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Cardiac - involuntary; found only in the heart

o Bone - support/ strength

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Plant Tissues o Epidermal - protection and material exchange (has stomata which allow for gas exchange) o Mesophyll (ground) - "worker cells"; strength/ support, food/ water storage, photosynthesis o Vascular - transportation of water, minerals, sugars o Xylem is responsible for the movement of water and minerals o Phloem transports sugar from leaves to other parts of the plant

Cell Theory All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. All cells come from pre-existing cells. The activity of an entire organism depends on the total activity of the individual cells. Reasons for Cell Division Healing and Tissue Repair Growth Reproduction of Organisms Cell Division Cell Cycle Has two phases - growth or interphase and division or mitosis (Growth or) Interphase - genetic material is copied and the organelles needed for division are produced G1 - the first growth phase; produces new proteins and organelles S - synthesis phase; copies DNA, and makes key proteins

G2 - the second growth phase; organelles and structures for cell division are produced (Division or) Mitosis - the division of genetic material Prophase - individual chromosomes shorten and thicken; the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve Metaphase - doubled chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell Anaphase - chromosomes pairs split and move to opposite ends of the cell Telophase - the chromosomes reach opposite ends; the nuclear membrane starts to form again Cytokenisis - division of the cytoplasm and other organelles creates two "daughter cells" which enter interphase to begin the cycle again

Cancer abnormal/ uncontrolled cell division Causes mutations due to chemicals, or radiation can upset the balance of protooncogenes and tumor surpressor genes protooncogenes are proteins that tell the cells to start dividing and tumor surpressor genes are proteins that tell cells to stop dividing factors identified as a factor associated with cancer (discussed in class)

X-ray (radiation) chimney sweeps (tar and other chemicals in the chimneys) sun bathers (UV radiation) family (genetics) Impact on Cell Division divides uncontrollably leading to tumors that may harm the individual Cell Specialization Cell specialization is when an unspecialized cell turns into a specific cell via exposure to various factors in the environment (either physical or chemical). While all cells in an organism have the same genetic information, they develop in different ways. Through cell specialization, they develop to perform specific functions. Stem cells are unspecialized cells. They can form specialized cells under specific environmental conditions. They may also remain unspecialized and continue to actively divide. In animals, Embryonic Stem Cells - are still able to differentiate into other cell types and specialize Adult Stem Cells - limited ability to create a variety of cell types; are found in kin, blood, and neural tissue; also called somatic cells; In plants, Meristematic Cells - plant stem cells are found in root tips and stems; continually produce new cells Anatomy Human Antomy Respiratory System Major Organs: nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm Functions: exchange of gases Lungs: involved in respiration lungs breathe in oxygen lungs breathe out carbon dioxide air exchange occurs in alveoli, tiny air sacs these are surrounded by capillaries, small blood vessels, for gas exchange

Circulatory System Major Organs: heart, blood vessels, blood Functions: transportation of materials such oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste within the body Heart: supplies blood to all parts of the body about the size of a fist divided into four chambers left and right atria left and right ventricles right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs so that it can pick up oxygen left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta to the rest of the body

Integumentary System Major organs: skin, hair, nails, glands Functions: cover and protect the body regulate body temperature with the help of glands Skin: largest organ in your body protects inner cells from damage, defends against disease, insulates, releases heat, and excretes waste outer layer: epidermis - protection, manufactures Vitamin D inner layer: dermis - made up of other tissue types (nerve, muscle, connective) to perform various bodily functions Digestive System Major Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,

Functions: digest food to get the nutrients from them Nervous System Major Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves Functions: control body functions coordinate responses and activities Skeletal System Major Organs: bones, cartilage Functions: support body allow movement protect the body Muscular System Major Organs: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, tendons, ligaments Functions: movement Excretory System Major Organs: skin, kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra Functions: elimination of wastes Anatomy of a flowering plant

Leaf Anatomy

Frog Internal and Mouth Anatomy

Medical Imaging Techniques X-Rays high-energy radiation that can easily penetrate materials such as skin and tissues but cannot easily penetrate metals and bones to look for fractures, broken bones, outside objects (nails, bullets, etc.), etc. Biophotonics uses the interaction of light with cells and tissues to diagnose and treat abnormalities Cloning

Types of cloning

Gene Therapy

Transgenic Organisms

Reproductive Technology

Terminology Daughter Cell Chromosome Chromatid Chromatin Gene Mutation Living Donor Organ System Carcinogen Homeostasis Zygote Cell Tissue Organ Organ Systems -...