SET 10 - Avotri PDF

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SET 10 Olduvai Gorge Called the cradle of humanity

Mary and Louis Leakey Excavated fossils from the Olduvai Gorge in the Great Rift Valley.

When did speech likely develop? Within the last 2 million years.

When do the earliest primitive stone tools date from? 2.6 mya

What are the two obligate behaviors of hominins? bidpedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing

Were speech and material culture attributes of the earliest hominins? No

What type of rock can be radiometrically dated? volcanic

Where was the cranium of the robust Australopithecus boisei found? Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania

What are the things that anthropologists claim make us human? 1. bipedalism 2. nonhoning chewing

3. dependence on material culture 4. speech 5. hunting and cooperation 6. domestication of plants and animals

What are the seven steps of bipedality? 1. Position of the foramen magnum: humans have it at the base of the skull 2. Shape of the spine: humans have an S-shaped spine, apes have a C-shaped one. 3. Shape of the pelvis: humans have shorter illium(see picture 1) than apes 4. Length of the leg: humans have relatively longer legs than apes 5. Valgus knee: bipedal knees angle inward to give a knock-kneed appearance, this is to place weight below the center of gravity. 6. Longitudinal foot arch: arch of the foot acts as shock absorber and adds leverage. 7. Opposable big toes

Do humans have honing teeth No

Do humans have a diastema for their canines? No

What was the piltdown fossil a hoax

What was the Taung child's scientific name? Au. africanus

How do the masticatory muscles of a human differ from a gorilla?

the temporalis muscles in a human are vertically oriented for crushing power, whereas in a gorilla they are horizontally oriented for slicing.

Do humans or apes have thicker enamel? humans

Where did Darwin think humans originated? Africa

What did Darwin propose was the basis of ape/human divergence? hunting

Who proposed the efficiency of bipedality as the basis of human divergence? Peter Rodman and Henry Mchenry

Lovejoy monogamous father

Reno little sexual dimorphism(biggest little city on Earth)

What do human origins hypotheses have in common positive adaptation e.g. bipedality ability to run longer distance

When did the split between ape and hominin lineages occur? Between 8-4 mya

Where were Australopithecus fossils found?

East Africa

pre-australopithecines Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin Tugensis, Aridipithecus ramidus, and Ardipithecus kadabba

Sahelanthropus tchadensis discovered in Chad, 7-6 mya, smallest cranial capacity, oldest human ancestor. bipedal, nonhoning complex.

Orrorin Tugensis discovered in Kenya 6 mya, bipedal, nonhoning

Ardipithecus kadabba 5.8 mya nonhoning

Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya nonhoning, bipedal, palmigrade when in trees, small brain, some derived characteristics e.g. lower pelvis. Most complete early hominin skeleton found. Lived in forested setting.

australopithicines small brain, small canines, large premolars and molars. later ones had very large face, jaws and teeth.

Australopithecus anamensis oldest australopithecine

Australopithecus afarensis chimp brain, thought to be human ancestor

Laetoli Footprints Au. afarensis footprints; 3.5 mya

Au. platyops lesser known species, around same time as Au. afarensis

What genus diverged around 3.5 mya leading to modern humans? Australopithecines

Au. garhi first maker of tools, Ethiopia, 2.5 mya, ancestral to Homo.

Oldowan Complex stone tool culture associated with H. habilis and, possibly Au. garhi

Lower Paleolithic Oldest part of the period that stone tools first used.

Au. aethiopicus early robust Au.

Au. boisei later robust Au. ate mostly savanna grasses (c4)

Au. africanus gracile Au.

Au. robustus

contemporaneous with Au. boisei

Au. sediba late. Au. species

Homo habilis earliest Homo species, ancestor to H. erectus...