SET 2 - Chris Blanar PDF

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Chris Blanar...

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SET 2 Hair like What does the prefix Trich- or Tricho- mean?

Whipworm What is the common name for Trichuris spp?

Trichuris spp. (lemon shaped with bipolar plugs) - eggs may survive for several years, becoming a reservoir of infection. superfamily: trichinelloidea What nematode does this egg come from?

Cecum and/or colon What is the site of infection for Trichuris spp?

Heavy infections cause inflammation of cecal mucosa, diarrhea and weight loss What clinical signs are associated with Trichuris spp?

Hair like What does the prefix Capill- or Capilla- mean?

Birds What is the final host of Capillaria obsignata?

Capillaria spp. (barrel shaped, bipolar plugs) superfamily: Trichinelloidea What nematode does this egg come from?

Airways, intestinal tract and bladder

What is the site of infection for Capillaria spp. in dogs and cats?

Throughout the alimentary tract What is the site of infection for Capillaria spp. in birds?

L1 - coiled larvae in Trichinella spp. What stage of the lifecycle is this nematode in?

Adults in small intestine, larvae in muscles What is the site of infection for Trichinella spp?

Pooled sample digestion method, ELISA and squash preparation method How do you diagnose Trichinella spp?

Denotes kidney What does the prefix Reni- or Reno- mean?

Giant kidney worm What is the common name for Dioctophyme renale?

Earthworm (PH - frogs or fish) What is the intermediate host for Dioctophyme renale?

Large pinworm What is the common name for Oxyuris equi?

All equid species What is the final host of Oxyuris equi?

Oxyuris equi - single operculum and flatter on one side What nematode does this egg represent?

Adults in dorsal colon, Females migrate through anus to lay eggs around perineum, Eggs are laid with a gelatenous subsance (irritant), egg with L3 is the infective stage What is the life cycle of Oxyuris equi

Adults in large intestine What is the site of infection for Oxyuris equi?

Pruritus, peri-anal irritation and broken hair at the base of the tail What are the clinical signs for oxyuris equi?

Using the adhesive tape method or perianal scraping method. How do you diagnose Oxyuris equi?

Heart worm What is the common name for Dirofilaria immitis?

Mosquitoes What is the intermediate host for Dirofilaria immitis?

Adults in the distal parts of the pulmonary arteries. Large numbers - can be in right heart and caudal vena cava. What is the site of infection for Dirofilaria immitis?

Dogs

What is the final host for Ancanthocheilonema reconditum?

Adults in subcutis, mff in blood. What is the site of infection for Acanthocheilonema reconditum?

All equid species What is the final host for Onchorcerca cervicalis?

Dogs (Wolves, foxes and coyotes) What are the final hosts for Spirocerca lupi?

Indirect (IH - dung beetles, PH - chickens, birds and lizards) Does Spirocerca lupi have a direct or indirect lifecycle?

Spirocerca lupi - golf ball size What nematode is associated with these lesions found on the esophagus?

Spirocerca lupi - small and elongated, thick shelled, containing L1 You find this egg in a dogs feces, what nematode is this?

VERY LONG (6 mo) - shows clinical signs long before eggs in feces Is the Spirocerca lupi PPP long or short?

Cats and dogs What are the final hosts for Physaloptera spp?

Physaloptera spp.

You find this egg in cat feces, what nematode is this egg associated with?

All equid species What is the final hosts for Draschia megastoma?

Musca spp. or Stomoxys calcitrans (flies) What are the intermediate hosts for Draschia megastoma?

Draschia megastoma and Habronema spp. - thin shelled, larvated and narrow You find these eggs in horse feces, what nematode is this egg associated with?

Adults in the stomach, L3 in skin What is the site of infection for Habronema spp?

Cutaneous habronemiasis/Cutaneous draschiasis (summer sores) What is the lesion caused by Draschia megastoma and Habronema spp. larvae called?

L1 - intermediate host or embryonated eggs What is the infective stage of Capillaria spp?

Ingestion of an earthworm containing first stage larvae. An egg of Capillaria spp. was detected on urine sedimentation examination of a 4-year old neutered male mixed-breed dog. How did the dog become infected with this parasite?

Trichuris felis What nematode is rare in felines in the continental United States?

Dioctophyme renale A 5 year old intact female Lab presents for a routine spay. At Laparotomy, a stout red nematode nearly 1 meter in length is found free in the abdominal cavity. What parasite is this?

Scotch tape test A 5 year old horse presents with tail rubbing and anal pruritus. You suspect infection with the equine pinworm, Oxyuris equi. What diagnostic test is preferred to recover eggs of this parasite?

Spirocerca lupi During the necropsy of an 8 year old mixed breed of dog from the southern United States, reactive granulomas in the esophagus containing bright red worms, 40-70 mm long are found. Which parasite is this?

The activity of the muscid flies which serve as a vector and intermediate host of these nematodes is greatly reduced in the winter months. What aspect of the life cycle of Habronema and Draschia spp. Accounts for the seasonal pattern seen in cutaneous habronemiasis, or summer sores, in affected horses?

Small intestine What is the site of infection for all cestodes?

One intermediate host, Attachment with scolex and suckers, eggs contain an oncosphere What are the 3 main characteristics of Cyclophyllidea cestodes?

A tapeworm embryo that has six hooks and is the earliest differentiated stage of a cyclophyllidean tapeworm—called also hexacanth embryo What is an oncosphere?

Two intermediate hosts, attachment with scolex and bothria (pinching), egg contains an oncosphere with cilia for motility. What are the 3 main characteristics of a Pseudophyllidea tapeworm?

Flea tapeworm, double-pore tapeworm, cucumber tapeworm or dog tapeworm What are the 4 common names for Dipylidium caninum?

Dogs, cats and humans can get infected. What are the final hosts for Dipylidium caninum?

Cat flea or dog louse What are the intermediate hosts for Dipylidium caninum?

Fresh segments look like cucumber seeds, dried segments look like rice. Can diagnose with a fecal float. How can you identify Dipylidium caninum?

Double (Dipylidium caninum has double genital pores in each proglottid) What does the prefix Dipl- mean?

Dipylidium caninum (25-30 eggs in each packet) What parasite produces these eggs?

Oncospheres (Tapeworm embryo with 6 hooks - Dipylidium caninum) What are these called within the eggs?

Humans can be infected if the flea/louse is ingested, making this cestode zoonotic especially to children How can Dipylidium caninum infect humans?

Cysticercoid within flea/louse What type of larval stage does Dipylidium caninum have?

Praziquantel (cestocide for cestodes) and insecticide for fleas and lice. What do you treat Dipylidium caninum with?

Domestic and wild fowl What species of animal does Choanottaenia spp. and Raillietina spp. infect?

Arthropods (ants, beetles and houseflies) What is the intermediate hosts for Choanottaenia spp. and Raillietina spp?

Cysticercoids The eggs of Choanottaenia spp. and Raillietina spp. are ingested by arthropods and develop into what type of larval stage?

Nodular tapeworm disease which can result in death Heavy infections of Railietina spp. can cause:

Necropsy (most reliable), adults can be sectioned for identification but requires expertise, eggs can be seen in fecal examination (do not float) How can you diagnose Choanottaenia spp. and Raillietina spp?

Equine What is the final host for Anoplocephala perfoliata and A. magna?

A. perfoliata - short with lappets

Which is more common, A. perfoliata or A. magna?

Anoplocephala spp. - triangle shaped egg with pear shaped pyriform apparatus (perfoliata and magna) What parasite does this egg come from?

Oribatid (forage) mites - eggs develop into cysticercoids. No seasonality What is the intermediate host for A. perfoliata and A. magna?

Cecum and ileocecal valve. What is the site of infection for Anoplocephala perfoliata?

ulcerations and ill health, intussusception of terminal ileum and cecum, and if they localize near the ileocecal valve you can have partial occlusion of valve. What happens when you have heavy infections of A. perfoliata?

Antigen ELISA (most common because eggs are difficult to recover), centrifugation and floatation of eggs or a sedimentation test. How do you diagnose A. perfoliata and A. magna?

Praziquantel How do you treat A. perfoliata and A. magna?

Milk tapeworm, double-pored ruminant tapeworm, or sheep tapeworm What are the 3 common names for Moniezia spp?

Large and small ruminants What is the final hosts for Moniezia spp?

Oribatid (forage) mites What is the intermediate host of Moniezia spp?

Moniezia spp. (triangular or trapezoidal) What parasite produces this egg?

Albendazole, praziquantal (off label), or niclosamide (off label). Treat weanlings. How do you treat Moniezia spp?

Taenia spp. What parasite produced this egg?

Cysticercus What larval stage do most Taenia spp. go through?

Strobilocercus What larval stage does Taenia taeniaeformis go through?

T. saginata - also very long PPP What are the longest Taenia spp. tapeworm?

T. crassiceps What is the shortest Taenia spp. tapeworm

Yes, cysticercus can be in human retina

Is taenia crassiceps zoonotic?

Beef tapeworm/pearly beef What is the common name for Taenia saginata?

Bovine - striated muscle What is the intermediate host for Taenia saginata?

4 suckers, but no hooks Does Taenia saginata have hooks?

Meat inspection or serology tests in cattle How do you diagnose Taenia saginata?

Praziquantel (expensive) or treating sewage How do you treat Taenia saginata?

Cook meat thoroughly, freeze meat, hygiene and sanitation. How do you prevent Taenia saginata?

Pork tapeworm or pearly/measly pork What is the common name for Taenia solium?

4 suckers and a double row of about 30 hooks. Does Taenia solium have hooks?

Pooping in public, releasing thousands of eggs in the environment How does Taenia solium spread?

Neurocysticercosis (epilepsy), subcutaneous cysts and cysticercus in the eye. What type of zoonotic disease does Taenia solium cause?

CT/MRI, biopsy, serology/PCR, or fecal examination How do you diagnose Taenia solium?

Oxfendazole in pigs and praziquantel or albendazole in humans How do you treat Taenia solium?

2 IHs, scolex with bothria, egg with oncosphere with cilia for motility What are the characteristics of Pseudophyllidea tapeworms?

Hydatid disease/hydatids or cystic echinococcosis What are the common names for infections in humans and livestock of Echinococcus granulosus?

Echinococcosis What is the name for Echinococcus granulosus disease in dogs?

Dogs, wild canids and cats What is the final host for Echinococcus granulosus?

Herbivores (sheep), omnivores and humans What are the intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus?

Small Are Echinococcus granulosus adults large are small?

Hydatid cysts (endogenous) in liver, lungs, bones and brain of IHs.

What type of larval stage does Echinococcus granulosus go through?

Spiny or pointed What does the prefix echino- mean?

Wild life cycle of parasites. Ex: Wild dingo - wallaby sylvatic cycle of Echinococcus granulosus in Australia What is a sylvatic cycle?

Only in humans, not dogs or livestock. Is Echinococcus granulosus pathogenic?

Purgation or coproantigen testing of dogs, examining organs of slaughtered livestock or using an ultrasound in humans. (eggs indistinguishable) How do you diagnose Echinococcus granulosus?

Praziquantel How do you treat Echinococcus granulosus?

Alveolar echinococcosis What is the common name for disease in humans caused by Echinococcus multilocularis?

Echinococcosis What is the common name for disease in dogs caused by Echinococcus multilocularis?

Wild canids (foxes) and domestic dogs What are the final hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis?

Rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits) and humans What are the intermediate hosts for Echinococcus multilocularis?

Small Are Echinococcus multilocularis adults large or small?

Liver (look like alveoli, not located in alveoli) Where is an Alveolar hydatid located in intermediate hosts of Echinococcus multilocularis?

Praziquantel (using baits for wild canids) How do you treat adult tapeworms?

Fish or Broad tapeworm What is the common name for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Humans and fish-eating mammals (dogs, cats and bears) What are the final hosts for Diphyllobothrium latum?

1. Copepod crustation (procercoid) 2. Freshwater fish (plerocercoid) What are the intermediate hosts for Diphyllobothrium latum?

Long Is Diphyllobothrium latum long or short?

An elongated muscular groove that provides attachment by pinching host tissue between them. What is a bothria?

Diphyllobothrium latum, operculum on one end, small knob on the other end. What parasite does this egg come from?

Eggs in feces (distinguishable) How do you diagnose Diphyllobothrium latum?

Zipperworm What is the common name for Spirometra spp?

Sparganosis - caused by spargana migrating throughout the body What is the disease that Spirometra spp. causes in humans called?

Dogs, cats, lynxes, bobcats and raccoons. What is the final hosts for Spirometra spp?

1. Crustacean 2. Fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, rodents and humans (if humans consume copepods) What are the intermediate hosts for Spirometra spp?

Humans if they consume plerocercoids (spargana) in 2nd intermediate host (fish, reptiles or amphibians) What is the paratenic host for Spirometra spp?

No, just bothria Do Spirometra spp have hooks?

Eggs in feces How do you diagnose Spirometra spp?

Free-living ciliated larvae

What is a miracidia?

Tadpole-like larvae, final and free swimming What is a cercariae?

Encysted resting stage of a trematode What is a metacercariae?

Lung fluke What is the common name for Paragonimus kellicotti?

Dogs, cats and carnivores What is the final host of Paragonimus kellicotti?

1st: Snails, 2nd: crayfish What are the 2 intermediate hosts for Paragonimus kellicotti?

Paragonimus kellicotti - oval, single operculum, yellow/brown What parasite produces this egg?

Lung parenchyma What is the site of infection for Paragonimus kellicotti?

Intermittent cough, heavy infections cause dyspnea, pnuemothorax, bronchiectasis, hemoptysis, pneumonia or death What are the clinical signs for Paragonimus kellicotti?

Paragonimus kellicotti

Which parasite produces these eggs in the lungs of a dog?

Thoracic radiographs to see cysts, fecal sedimentation (eggs do not float) and a transtracheal wash may show eggs How do you diagnose Paragonimus kellicotti?

Praziquantel How do you treat Paragonimus kellicotti?

Salmon poisoning fluke What is the common name for Nanophyetus salmincola?

Dogs, cats, mink, raccoons and other fish eating mammals (including humans) What are the definitive hosts for Nanophyetus salmincola?

1st: Snails, 2nd: salmonid fish What are the 2 intermediate hosts for Nanophyetus salmincola?

Nanophyetus salmincola You find this egg in cat feces, what parasite produced these eggs?

Small intestine What is the site of infection for Nanophyetus salmincola?

Neorickettsia helminthoeca - "salmon poisoning" What is Nanophyetus salmincola a vector for?

Enteritis What is the clinical sign that large numbers of Nanophyetus salmincola can cause in their host?...