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Central nervous system (CNS). The

Arachnoid membrane. The meninx

portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine.

that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine.

Subarachnoid space. The space

Somatic nervous system (SNS). The

beneath the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.

part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment.

Pia mater. The delicate, innermost

Afferent nerves. Nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system.

meninx.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles.

Efferent nerves. Nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs.

Central canal. The small CSF-filled

Autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Cerebral ventricles. The four CSF-

The part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment.

filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.

Sympathetic nerves. Those motor

Choroid plexuses. The networks of

nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic region areas of the spinal cord.

capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

channel that runs the length of the spinal cord.

Blood–brain barrier. The mechanism Parasympathetic nerves. Those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord.

Cranial nerves. The 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (e.g., optic nerves, olfactory nerves, and vagus nerves).

that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain.

Neurons. Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

Multipolar neuron. A neuron with

Meninges. The three protective

more than two processes extending from its cell body.

membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx).

Unipolar neuron. A neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

Dura mater. The tough outer meninx. Bipolar neuron. A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.

Interneurons. Neurons with short axons

Golgi stain. A neural stain that

or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure.

completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes.

Nuclei. The DNA-containing structures of

Nissl stain. A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies.

cells; also, clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system (singular nucleus).

Electron microscopy. A microscopy

Ganglia. Clusters of neuronal cell bodies

technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure.

in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion).

Anterior. Toward the nose end of a vertebrate.

Tracts. Bundles of axons in the central nervous system.

Posterior. Toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head.

Nerves. Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Dorsal. Toward the surface of the back of

Glial cells. Several classes of nonneural

a vertebrate or toward the top of the head.

cells of the nervous system.

Oligodendrocytes. Glial cells that myelinate axons of the central nervous system; also known as oligodendroglia.

Myelin. A fatty insulating substance. Myelin sheaths. Coverings on the axons of some neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

Ventral. Toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head.

Medial. Toward the midline of the body Lateral. Away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body’s lateral surfaces.

Superior. Toward the top of the primate head.

Schwann cells. The glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons.

Microglia. Glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses.

Astrocytes. Large, star-shaped glial cells that play multiple roles in the CNS.

Inferior. Toward the bottom of the primate head or brain.

Proximal. Close to something. Distal. Far from something. Horizontal sections. Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that are parallel to the top of the brain.

Frontal sections. Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections.

Sagittal sections. Any slices of brain

Pons - The metencephalic structure that

tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain.

creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem.

Cross section. Section cut at a right

Cerebellum - A metencephalic structure

angle to any long, narrow structure of the CNS.

that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills.

Gray matter - Portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

Mesencephalon - One of the five major

White matter - Portions of the nervous

Tectum - The “roof,” or dorsal surface, of

system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons.

the mesencephalon; it includes the superior and inferior colliculi.

Dorsal horns - The two dorsal arms of

Inferior colliculi - The structures of the

the spinal gray matter.

tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.

divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum.

Ventral horns - The two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter.

Superior colliculi - Two of the four

Dorsal root ganglia. Structures just

nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input.

outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons.

Tegmentum - The ventral division of the

Brain stem - The part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (e.g., heart rate and respiration).

mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular formation, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.

Periaqueductal gray (PAG) - The

Myelencephalon - The most posterior

gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit.

of the five major divisions of the brain; the medulla.

Cerebral aqueduct - A narrow channel

Reticular formation - A complex

that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem.

Substantia nigra - The midbrain Metencephalon - One of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and cerebellum.

nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

Red nucleus - A structure of the sensorimotor system that is located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon.

diencephalon; the point where the optic nerves decussate.

Decussate - To cross over to the other

Diencephalon - One of the five major

side of the brain.

divisions of the brain; it is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Contralateral - Projecting from one side of the body to the other.

Thalamus - The large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem; many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project to the cortex.

Massa intermedia - The neural structure located in the third ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus.

Sensory relay nuclei - Those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of cortex.

Lateral geniculate nuclei - The sixlayered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex.

Medial geniculate nuclei - The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.

Ventral posterior nucleus - A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems.

Ipsilateral - On the same side of the body.

Mammillary bodies - The pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus.

Telencephalon - The most superior of the brain’s five major divisions.

Cerebral cortex - The layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals.

Fissures - The large furrows in a convoluted cortex.

Sulci - Small furrows in a convoluted cortex.

Gyri - The cortical ridges that are located between fissures or sulci.

Longitudinal fissure - The large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

Cerebral commissures - Tracts that Hypothalamus - The diencephalic structure that sits just below the anterior portion of the thalamus.

Pituitary gland - The gland that dangles from, and is controlled by, the hypothalamus.

Optic chiasm - The X-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the

connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Corpus callosum - The largest cerebral commissure.

Central fissure - The large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

Lateral fissure - The large fissure that

Amygdala. A structure in the anterior

separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.

temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion.

Frontal lobe - The most anterior of the

Cingulate cortex. The cortex of the

four cerebral lobes.

cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes.

Parietal lobe - One of the four cerebral lobes; it is located just posterior to the central fissure.

Cingulate gyri. Large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum.

Temporal lobe - One of the four major cerebral lobes; it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and amygdala.

Fornix. The major tract of the limbic

Occipital lobe - The most posterior of

Septum. A midline nucleus of the limbic

the four cerebral lobes; its function is primarily visual.

system, located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex.

Precentral gyrus - The gyrus located

Basal ganglia. A collection of

just anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor.

subcortical nuclei (e.g., striatum and globus pallidus).

Postcentral gyrus - The gyrus located

Caudate. The tail-like structure that is

just posterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily somatosensory.

part of the striatum.

system; it connects the hippocampus with the septum and mammillary bodies.

Putamen. A structure that is joined to Superior temporal gyri - The plural of superior temporal gyrus.

the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate compose the striatum.

Neocortex. Six-layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution; it constitutes 90 percent of human cerebral cortex.

Striatum. A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway

Pyramidal cells - Large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a very long axon.

Globus pallidus. A structure of the

Stellate cells. Small star-shaped

Broca’s area. The area of the inferior

cortical interneurons.

prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere hypothesized by Broca to be the center of speech production.

Hippocampus. A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory.

Limbic system. A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus.

basal ganglia that is located between the putamen and thalamus....