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Simplified Methods on BUILDING·CONSTRUCTION MAX 8. FA.JAAOQ JR. B. S. Architecture, National University 1961; Passed the . Boord Exam for Architects 1961; Former Deon College of Architecture and ｅｮｧ ｩｮｾ･ｲｧＬ＠ University of North Eastern Pl)ilippines; Architect, . Public ';tNorks Province of Como...

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Simplified Methods on

BUILDING·CONSTRUCTION

MAX 8. FA.JAAOQ JR. B. S. Architecture, National University 1961; Passed the . Boord Exam for Architects 1961; Former Deon College of Architecture and ｅｮｧ ｩｮｾ･ｲｧＬ＠ University of North Eastern Pl)ilippines; Architect, . Public ';tNorks Province of Comorines Sur; Practising Architect and Contractor; Author and ｰｵｾ＠ Usher of S'implified Construction ｅｳｴｩｭｾ･｟＠

Philippines Copyright

1983

by

MAX B. FAJARDO, JR.

All Rights Reserved Every copy of this book must bear the genuine signature of the author. Copies not having the signature will be deemed to hove emanated from on illegal source.

FOREWORD Experienced builders agree that Building Construct ion is considered os the most challenging, complicoted and articulate work in the field of construction. To discuss the subject matter embracing the whole aspect ｯｾ＠ b_uilding construction from the laying out up fo the lost touch of the finished work requires· several volumes. The author in this f irst volume presents the rudimentary knowledge os well os the techn ie:a/ aspect and ｰｲｯ｣･､ｵｾ＠ of building construction. The book was designed to present the technical trade in-formation in a short, concise, d irect and plain language accompanied with illustrations os o visual aid to the reader. Useful tables, conversion foetor and formulae from the English to the Metric System (Sil, various permit forms, problems and solutions were also incorporated. Hand tools, power tools and equipment including their respective uses and functions in the construction were also p re- . sented because the author considered those to be the first one a builder should be fam iliar with before any other thing in the construction. The book could be of great help to Architecture and Engineering students as well as trade school stude nts, carpenters and laymen who ·have interest in the field of construction. ·For the first.vqlume, the author wishes to express his grateful acknowledgement to the. valuable research and contributions. of PepinN . Fajardo, and also to the constructive ｳｵｧ･ｾｴ ｩ ｯｮ ｳ＠ of Supervisor Jhonny Blonquera who first read the preliminary . manuscript. The author likewise expresses his indebtedness and gratitude to the persons here unnamed wro in one way or another hove contributed to the full realization of this book.

M. B. F.

}•

TAILE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I 1·1 1-2

1-3 1-4

l -5 1-6..

1-7

l-8 1-9

1-lO I -ll 1-12 1- 13 1- 14 1- 15

Mea suring i ools . . . .•.. •. . . .. . .. .. •. . • ... .. Marking Tools • .• . . •... .. . •.• . ..• . . .. . .. . Testing and Guiding Tools • ... .••. .. •..• •.• • Fastening Too I5. ••• • •.. •• • • •.. • • • • • •• ••• •• • Rough Foc:ing Tools . . .. . . ....• . ..... . .... Toothed Cutting Tool!> . . ... .. . . .• .. . . .•• .. .. Sharp-Edged ｃ ｾｴ ｴ ｩ ｮｧ＠ Tools .. . . . . .. . . . .... . Smooth Facing Tools . . ...... . : . ... .. ..... . . Boring o r Drill ing Too ls ... .. . . .. .... . . .. . . . Holding Tools ... .•. . . .. . . . . ... . . . . .. . .. .. Sharpening Tools . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . .. ..... . Work Bench .. .. .. . .. .. ...•• •. .. . ...•... Roughing Up Tools .. . . .. .. . . .. : . . . . ... . . . Surface Finishing Toofs .. . .. . .. \ .... . ... . . . M iscel laneous Ma son ry Tools . . . . . . ...... .

CHAPTER 2 2-1 2-2 2-3

2-4 2-5

4!-6 2-7 ＲｾＸ＠

2-9

TOOLS

2 5

6 12

·13 14 19

22 26

29 31

32 33

35 37

WO 0 0

Introduction ... .... .. ... ......... ,,. .. ... ｾﾷ＠ .,,. ,. :.... . . Definition of Terms .... . .- .,)••··-"' . . ... . . ..... .,.•,..._. Classification of Wood .i . . .r • • • ' ·' . . , •• • • • , ,.,..,. _ Preparation of Wood . . . .. .. ·" . . ..• . . . ... .. , ,__, , Defects in Wood .• .... ., ••. , ..• , ... .. .... ... .. , Ｎ ｏｦｾ＠ Seasoning of Wood . .. .. •.... .... • .. . .... . .,,... ｾ＠ Causes of Deca y and Methods of..F!JeServotrtm. --:':'J Measuring of Wood . •.. .. , . ... . ... .... ..... . ,. . Eng lish to Metric Measure o.f'· ｾ Ｍ Ｍｾ Ｎ＠ ,_.. ._. • .;.• . .

CHAPTER 3

Page

42 42 43

44 45 46 47 49 51

LA.YOUT AND EXCAVATIONS .

3-l

·53

3-2 3-3 3-4

57

De finit ion . . . •... . ....• • ... •. . •... .. . . . .. . Lay'out Method s c;m d Procedures .. .. ... ... .. . M inor ExcCtvation ... . ,. • ... ..... •. . . .. .. . . .. Major Exca va tion .. . ... . . . . . . . . . : ......... . J ... Sheeting and Bracing Sha llow Excavat ion .. . Sheeting and Bracing ·of Deep Excavation . • . 3-6 Sheet Piles ..... . ..... . ..... .. ... . ..... . . 3-7 3-8 Exca va t ion in So nd .. . .... , . . ......... . . .. . 3-9. Excavation in Clay · . . . . ... . . . •.. . . .. ... ... 3-10 Filling · ... . . .. .. . .. .. . . . . .. • ; ... . . . . ..... .

s

53 59 61

63 65

67

68 69

CHAPTER 4

C0 N C R ET E

Concrete ........ , ............... , , ...... ｾ＠ .. Cement ........................... ｾ＠ ...... . Aggregate ...............•................

7J 71 71

Water ......................... , . ｾ＠ ........ . Types of Concrete ond Their Weight ....•..•.. 4-6 Mixing of Concrete .............•.......... 4-7 Segregation ............................•.. 4-8 Requirement for Good Quality Concrete ..... . Curing ............................. , . , .. . 4-9 4-10 Admixture .............................. . 4-11 Concrete Proportion and Water Cement Ratio .. 4-12 Tests ................. ·...................... .

72 72

4-1

4-2 4-3 4-4

4-5

CHAPTER

5

Steel Reinforcement .........••......•... , . Steel Bars ·from English to Metric Measure .... Prestressed Steel •..•••••.•.•••........•..•• 5-3 Welded Wire Fabric ..................••... 5-4 5-5 Identification of Steet Bars ................. . 5-6 Bar Cut Off and Bend ·Points ..•............. Bar Splicing ................•....•... ; ... . 5-7 Bar Spacing ........•....... .' ............. . 5-8 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement ....... . 5-9 5-10 Bundle of Bars ....• ; ..•.•.....•............ 5- J 1 Control of Crocks ......................... . S-12 Metal Reinforcement Specifications . . . . . .. 5-2

6-l 6-2

6·3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 ＶｾＸ＠

6-9 6-10

6-ll

6·12 6·13

78 78 82

METAL REINFORCEMENT

5-1

CHAPTER 6

73 76 76 77

86 87 90 91 91 93 94 94 95 97

98

98

F 0 U N D AT I 0 N

Brief History ••••••••••••••••••. Wall Footing ...•........•..•..•...... , ... . Isolated or Independent Footing ......•..... Combined Footing ..••..•....•............. Continuous Footing ..•.......•...•........• Raft or Mat Footing ......•........•....... Piile Foundation ........•..••............•. Piles •••••••...••..••.•••...•.• ............. . The Important Functions or Uses of ｐｩｬ･ｾ＠ ... . Quality and Durability of Piles .•..... , ..... . Timber Piles .....................•....... Deterioration of Wood Piles .............•.. Protection of Timber Piles .................. · !

......... .

100 102

102 106 107 107. 109 109 110

112 113 114 114

6-14 6-15 6-16 6-17 6-18 6-19 6-20 6-21 6-22 6-23 6-24 6-25

Pile Dr.iving .................. .. .... .... . Con.rete and Pipe Piles ...... ·.... ........... . Precast Concrete Piles ............ -. -.- ... . Deterioration of Concrete Piles ....·.... ..... . Metal' Pile ....••.... - .. ,. .. : . •.... . . . . . ... Driving Equipment· •..........••••... : . ... . Pile Spacing .............. ........ ........ . Driving of Piles Through on Obstruction ... . Causes of Pile Deflection in Driving Settlement of Foundation ............. . .. . . Failure of Pile Foundation ................. . Grillage Footing •.•............. ·.......... .

CHAPTER 7 7-1 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-5 7-6 7J7 7-8 7-9

115 118 119 119 120 120 124 124 125 125 126 l27

SOIL TEST

Auger Boring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wosh Boring . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Hollow Stem Auger Boring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotary Drilling ........•....•..••... : . . ; . . Percussion Drilling • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Penetrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dutch Cone Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vone Shear Test ..... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standard Load Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

f 28

128 129 129 130 130 130 131 182

CHAPTER 8 POST AND COLUMN 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 8-6 8-7 8'-8

Definition . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Wooden Post . . . . • • • . • . . . • • • • • . . • . . • . . . • • . . Rein'forced Concrete Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T ied Colu mn . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiral Column . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composite ·cotumn . • . . . ... • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Combined .Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lally Column .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . . .

CHAPTER· 9 9-1 9-2 9-3

9-4 9-5 9-6 9-7

13'-4 134 136

137 149 159 160 l 61

PLATFORM- FLOOR STRUCTURE

Wood Floor System • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . • . . . Beam ...••. .. ....... ..•• ..•••..... .. : . . . Relation Between the Materials and Structure . . Behavior of Beam Under the Influence of Load . Reinforcement of Concrete Beam . . . . . . . . • . The Compression and Tension m a Beam . . • . Spacing of Reinforcing Bars in Seam ... ﾷ ｾ＠ • . • .

162 165 16.7

l69 170 171 173

9-8 9-9

9-10 9-11 9-12 9-13 9- 14 9-15

9-16 9-17

Splicing Hooks and Bends .. .. .. .•• .- •••• •.. 174 175 Steel Bors Cut Off 'o nd -Bend Point ......• • .. 176 Beams Reinforced- for Compression •. ••• .• .. 177 Web Reinforcement ....... . .• . ...... .... . 177 Tor&ion in Reinforced Concrete Member •.•• . • 178 T-Beam Design & limitation , • • . ••.•• . ... . . 178 Other Causes of Beam Failure ...•.•....•.. ｾ･ｩｮｦ｡ｲ｣､＠ Concrete Slob .. ....•.•••••.••• . . 179 Ribbed Flood Slab . ...... ............... ..· 186 189 The AC I on Concrete Joist Floor Construction .

CHAPTER 10 · STEEL FRAMING 10-1 10-2

Introduction . . .. . . . ..... . . . ..•••••.... . .. Structural Shapes . . ....•. • .... . • . .•• .•. ... 10-3 Structural Steel ... . ....... . .. . .. . ........ . 10-4 High Strength Steel ....... .. . ..•.... . .. .. . Rivets and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . .••.•.... . .. .. l0-5 l0-6 Riveting Procedures . . ... ... . ....•.••..... . 10-7 Conditions for Punching and Drilling •.. : ... . Bolts ｾ＠ . ...... .. . ...... ..... ,. .. .•• _ • : ... ... . 10-8 Connect ion of Structu ral Members .... . . ... . ＱＰ ｾ Ｙ＠ 10-10 Plate Girders . .. .. ... . ..... . .. ... ..... . .. . 10-1 1 Web Plates and· Intermediate Stiffeners ..... . 10- 12 Roof Trusses ........ . ............... . . .. . 10- 13. Welded Connections .•...... .. .•.... .. .... . CHAPTER 1.1 11-1 11 ..2 11 - 3 11 -4 11-5 11-6 1 1-7 11-8

195 195 196 196

197 200 200 206 207 211

212

TIMBER ROOF FRAMING

Introduction . • . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • • . • • • • . . • . . Types of Roof .. .. . .. .. . .. .. • . . • • .. .. .. . .. Types of Roof Frame . . ....• ... , . . • . . . . . . . . . T imber Framing Fasteners . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . lntf!rmediate Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . End Joints ·• . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Splicing . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . Glued Laminated Lumber . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER 12 'ROOF AND 12- l 12-2 12-3 t 2-4 12-5

190 191

215 216 220 225 228 231 233 235

ROOFING MATERIALS

Roofing Materials . . . . . . .. .. . . • .. .. .. • .. .. Galvanized iron Sheets ... . . . - .............. Corrugated G.J. Roofing Fasteners·......... . Advantages and Disadvantages of G. I. Rivets . . Advantages and Oisadvcntagess of G. I. Nails . :

242 243 246 247 247

Technical Specifications .•. . .•.....•....• . .. 248 Plain G.l. Sheet ...••...................... 249 252 12-8 . Flat, Standing Seom and Botten_Roofing ..... . 12-9 Slope of RooF • . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 252 255 12-lO Cloy Tile Roofing ... . .... ... ....... .. ... . . 256 12-1 1 Asbestos ond Color. Bond Roofing . .. .... .... .

12-6

12-7

CHAPTER 13-1

13-2 13-3 13-4 13-5 13-6

13-7

13

STAIRS

Introduction ...•.•••.............•...... · . Definitions . . . . • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laying Out of Stairs ...................... · . laying Out the Stringer . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Stringers . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Handrail and Balusters . .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. Re inforced Concrete Sta irways . . . . . . . . . . . . .

259 259 263

263 265

266 266

CHAPTER 14

PRECAST AND PRESTRESSED CONSTRUCTION ·Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . Types of Precast Structure ....... . ......... . Roof and Floor Members ....... ..... ·. . . .. •.. 14-3 14-4 Precast Beams •.••••••••• • .•.. .. .•. .. .•.• Precast Column ................... .. .•... 14-5 14-6 Prestressed Concrele .................... . l4-7 Prestressing of Concrete ........ ... ... .. ... . 14-8 Concrete for Prestressing ... ............. . . 14-9 Shope of Prestressed Structure ... . ......... . 14-10 Metal Rein:orcement .. .... .............. . 14-11 Grout for Bonded Tendons ...... .. ... ..... . 14-12 Measurement of ｾｲ･ｳｴｩｮｧ＠ Force .. .. . . ... . 14-13 Post Tensioning Anchorage . .... . .......... . 14-1 ｊＴｾＲ＠

CHAPTER 15 15- J ｾＵＭＳ＠

1-5-2

15-4 15·5 15-6 15-7

269 269 270 271

272 272 273 275

275 , 280 282

283 283

FORM, SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING

Form . . . • • . . • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . • . . Construction ,f forms ...•.......... ,' ,.:. . . Erection ond Securing of Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . Wall Forms ...•••..................... ·. . . . Greasing of Forms . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Comparative Analysis Between tke T&G ond Plywood as Form . . • . . . • • • • • . • . . . . • . . . . . . Scaffolding and Staging .. • .. • .. .. . . . . . .. . ..

284 285 287 288 288 289 290

15-8

Stag ing for Reinforced Concrete Beam and Floor Slob • . . . • • . • • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conduits and Pipes Embedded in Concrete

15-9

293 294

CHAPTER 16

HOISTiNG EQUIPMENT and POWER TOOLS 16- 1 16-2 16-3 16-4 16-5 16-6 16-7 16-8 16-9 16- 10 16-1 1 16-12 16- 13 16- 1-4 16-15 16-16 16-17

Hoist • . . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . • Definitions . . • . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . . . • • . . . . . . Knotting and H 1tching . . .. .. . . .. . . . . . . .. Pu lleys .....•. . ..... . ...•....... . .... .. .. Circu lar Sow . . ........... . ... , . . . . . . . . . . . . Radial A rm Sow . . . • . • . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portable Electric Sow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portable Electric Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drill Press ·. . • . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . • . • . . • • . . . . . . Portable Electric Sabe r Saw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Band Saw • • • • • . • . • • • • • . . . • . • . • . . . . • • . . . • Single Surface Planer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portable Sanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porta ble ·Hand Router . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . Wood Lathe •. ..••..•• . , • • . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . Truck Mounted Crane . •..• • ........ ｾ＠ , . . , . . . Tpwer Crone . . • . . . • . . • • • • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES

... .•... . .....•.•...... , . . . . . . . . . .

297 297 298 304 · 306 31 0 311 3 11 31 2 3 13 3 14 31 7 317 318 319 320 321 322

CHAPTER

1

TOOLS INTRODUCTION Tools had been regarded as a partner of man·s quest for progress and survival from the early stone age down to the present generation. The mechanical advantages, accuracy, speed and efficiency derived from the use of the right tools and equ ipment, has prompted man to continuously search for the refinement of old tools aside from the invention and introduction of new ones that would provide greater efficiency and refinement of work. Comparatively, it could be seen from the structures and works , of past builders, the quality. refinement of texture and the time involved in their construction to be far behind the wor ks of the present generation. These could be mainly attributed to the kind of tools and or power tools that are being used by the present contemporary builders Experienced builder agrees, that the efficiency of the work in building construction could be augmented by 25 percent or more with the use of the right kind of tools aside from the improved quality of the work performed. By hiring an experienced worker who has a complete set of tools however high his demand for pay is more advantageous and cheaper than hiring a beginner with a lower rate but without the . necessary tools for a particular job. The former although demandwith better qu-a lity in a ing a higher pay can accomplish ｷｯｲｾ＠ 5hort time than the latter whose work r isks repair and delay not to mention the extra cost involved. The efficiency and quality of the work particularly in building construction depends upon three factors: 1. Avai labi I ity and sufficiency of materials. 2. Experience and skill of the workers in their respective field. 3. Complete set of too ls and equipment of good quality and standard make. The different kinds of construction tools may be classified according to the different kinds of trade involved:

1. Carpentry Tools 2. Masonry Tools 3. Tinsmithing Tools

4. Painters Tools ·

5. Plumbing Tools 6. Electrical Tools

A- CARPENTRY TOOLS Carpentry tools are classified according to their functions:

1. · 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Measuring Tools Marking Tools Testing and Guiding Tools Fastening Tools Rough Facing Tools Toothed Cutting Tools

7. 8. 9. 10.

Sharp-edged Cutting Tools Smooth Facing Tools Boring or Drilling Tools Holding Tools 11. Sharpening Tools 12. Work Bench

1- 1 MEASURING TOOLS The early developed measuring tools used in constructions were of various types provided with English-measure graduated scale into 8th. and 16th of an inch. The forerunner in making · these kinds of warranted tools are the Stanley and the Lufkins Rule Co. The increasing popularity and worldwide acceptance of the Metric measure has prompted these companies and others to adopt and incorporate the meter and centimeter rules in all the measuring tools that they are manufacturing. The recent measuring tools appear to contain the inches on one edge and the centimeters on the opposite side of either the zig-zag or push· pull tape. · Consequently, the worldwide adopt...