Single Entry System - Lecture notes 1 PDF

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SINGLE ENTRY SYSTEM Overview A single entry system records each accounting transaction with a single entry to the accounting records, rather than the vastly more widespread double entry system. The single entry system is centered on the results of a business that are reported in the income statement. The core information tracked in a single entry system is cash disbursements and cash receipts. Asset and liability records are usually not tracked in a single entry system; these items must be tracked separately. The primary form of record keeping in a single entry system is the cash book, which is essentially an expanded form of a check register, with columns in which to record the particular sources and uses of cash, and room at the top and bottom of each page in which to show beginning and ending balances.

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The most significant problems associated with a single entry system include: Assets. Assets are not tracked, so it is easier for them to be lost or stolen. Audited financial statements. It is impossible to obtain an audit opinion on the financial results of a business using a single entry system; the information must be converted to a double entry format for an audit to even be a possibility. Errors. It is much easier to make clerical errors in a single entry system, as opposed to the double entry system, where separate entries to different accounts must match. Liabilities. Liabilities are not tracked, so you need a separate system for determining when they are due for payment, and in what amounts. Reporting. There is much less information available upon which to construct the financial position of a business, so management may not be fully aware of the performance of the business.

Single entry systems are strictly use for manual accounting systems, since all computerized systems utilize the double entry system instead. It is generally possible for a trained accountant to reconstruct a double entry-based set of accounts from single entry accounting records, though the time required may be substantial. By doing so, you can then reconstruct the statement of financial position and statement of cash flows. What is "Single-Entry" Accounting? Single-entry accounting is a form of bookkeeping and accounting in which each financial transaction is a single entry in a journal or transaction log. As a result, the accounting system is called, not surprisingly, a single-entry system. And, the approach is also known as single-entry bookkeeping. Single-Entry vs. Double-Entry Accounting The single-entry approach contrasts with double-entry accounting, in which every financial event brings at least two equal and offsetting entries. One is a debit (DR) and the other a credit (CR). As a result: 1

Firms using the double-entry approach report financial results with an accrual reporting system. Firms using single-entry approach are effectively limited to reporting on a cash basis.

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The Single-Entry Approach is Simpler Than Double-Entry On the positive side, single-entry accounting is simple and more straightforward to use than the double-entry approach. And, the single-entry approach does not require background or training in accounting. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of firms, worldwide, use double-entry not singleentry accounting. The Nature of Single-Entry Systems Single-Entry System Examples The single-entry approach is very similar to the check register that individuals use to keep track of checks, deposits, and balances for a personal checking account. In both cases, users merely record the date, amount, and name of each transaction. Exhibits 1 and 2, below, show how the single-entry record might look for a few days transactions for a small business. Example: Three Column Single-Entry Record Date

Transaction

Amount

1 June XX

Starting balance for the week

P4,520.00

1 June XX

Electricity bill for the month

(P149.80)

2 June XX

Postage stamps purchase

(P43.00)

2 June XX

Inventory purchase

(P624.15)

3 June XX

Daily product sales

P1,040.25

4 June XX

Sales tax paid

(P83.22)

4 June XX

Daily service revenues

P592.25

5 June XX

Bank acct interest received

P180.83

8 June XX

Customer refund paid

(P42.95)

8 June XX

Ending balance for the week

P5,390.21

Exhibit 1. The minimal form of single-entry bookkeeping for a few days transactions for a small business. Incoming funds are "positive" numbers, and outgoing funds are "negative" numbers (in parentheses).

Example: Five Column Single-Entry Record Date

Transaction

Revenues

Expenses

Balance

1 June XX

Starting balance for the week

1 June XX

Electricity bill for the month

(P149.80)

P4,370.20

2 June XX

Postage stamps purch.

(P43.00)

P4,327.20

2 June XX

Inventory

(P624.15)

P3,703.5

P4,520.00

2

purchase 3 June XX

Daily product sales

P1,040.25

P4,743.30

4 June XX

Sales tax paid

4 June XX

Daily service revenues

P592.25

P5,252.33

5 June XX

Bank interest received

P180.83

P5,433.16

8 June XX

Customer refund paid

8 June XX

Ending balance for the week

(P83.22)

(P42.95)

P4,660.08

P5,390.21 P5,390.21

Exhibit 2. "Single-entry bookkeeping" with a running balance and separate columns for incoming revenues and outgoing expenses. Incoming funds are "positive" numbers, and outgoing funds are "negative" numbers.

The user can, of course, add more columns to show different categories of revenues or expenses. The only requirement is that the record must have enough revenue and expense categories to meet tax reporting needs. When and Where is Single-Entry Accounting Sufficient? Can Public Companies Use Single-Entry Accounting? Single-entry bookkeeping and accounting can be adequate for a small business practicing cash basis accounting. Small firms may, in fact, prefer single-entry accounting over a double-entry system when all or most of these conditions apply:  The Company uses cash basis accounting, not accrual accounting.  The firm has few financial transactions per day.  The company does not sell on credit. Customers must pay at the time of the sale either in cash or, by bank transfer, 3rd-party debit card, 3rd-party credit card, or by writing a check. The firm does not deliver goods or services and then invoice customers for payment later.  The firm has very few employees.  The company owns few valuable business-supporting physical assets. For example, it may hold product inventory, office supplies, and cash in a bank account. But it does not own buildings, substantial office furniture, large computer systems, production machinery, or vehicles. The company is privately held or operates as a sole proprietorship or partnership. As a result, the firm need not publish an Income statement, Balance sheet, or other financial statements that are mandatory for public companies. Firms That May Use Single-Entry Accounting Under such conditions, a single-entry system may meet the firm's planning and reporting needs. As a result, the single-entry system may be adequate for:  Supporting income tax reporting for the company. The primary data for this includes outgoing expenses and incoming revenues.  Proving that the company collects and pays government sales taxes for goods or services sales.  Showing that the company pays its income taxes. 3

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Forecasting future budgetary needs and sales revenues. Proving that the company complies with minimum wage and employee tax withholding requirements. Providing real-time visibility and control of incoming and outgoing funds. The firm must be able to avoid overspending budgets or overdrawing bank accounts

What Are Single-Entry System Advantages and Disadvantages? How Do They Compare With DoubleEntry Systems? The positive and negative aspects of single-entry accounting are readily apparent in comparison with the alternative approach, double-entry accounting. Single-Entry System Advantages Single-entry accounting has the significant advantage of simplicity over double-entry accounting.  People with little or no background in finance or accounting readily understand single-entry records and reports.  Small companies can use single-entry systems without hiring a professional accountant or bookkeeper.  The single-entry approach does not require complicated accounting software. The examples above show, for instance, that firms can create and maintain a single-entry system easily in a written notebook or simple spreadsheet. Single-Entry System Disadvantages Single-entry accounting provides insufficient records and insufficient control for public companies and other organizations that must publish audited financial statements. Nor can it—by itself —give owners and managers crucial information for evaluating the company's financial position. Some of the important differences between the two approaches illustrate the disadvantages of the single-entry approach: Double-Entry System: Built-in Error Checking A double-entry system provides several forms of error checking that are absent in a single-entry system. In the double-entry system, every financial transaction results in both a debit(DR) in one account and an equal, offsetting credit (CR) in another account. For each reporting period, total debits must equal total credits. That is: Total DR = Total CR Moreover, a single-entry system works so that the Balance sheet equation always holds: Assets = Liabilities + Equities These equations together are known as the accounting equation. Any departure from these principles in a double-entry system is a signal that account histories include an error.

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Single-Entry System: Error Checking Is Not Built In This kind of error checking is missing from the single-entry system. If the single-entry bookkeeper mistakenly enters, say, a revenue inflow as P10,000 when the correct value is P1,000, the error may go unnoticed until the firm receives a bank statement with an unexpected low account balance. In a double-entry system, however, the P1,000 cash deposit entry (a debit to an asset account, cash on hand) will be accompanied by another entry recognizing the source, for example, a credit to a liability account (e.g., bank loan) or a credit to another asset account (accounts receivable). And, if the firm omits the second entry, the sums of credits and debits in the system would differ, immediately revealing the error. Double-Entry System: Focus on Revenues, Expenses, Assets, Liabilities, and Equities. A double-entry system keeps the firm's entire "Chart of accounts" in view. This chart for a double-entry system has, in fact, five kinds of accounts in two categories:  Firstly, Income statement accounts: (1) Revenue accounts, and (2) expense accounts.  Secondly, Balance sheet accounts: (3) Asset accounts, (4) Liability accounts, and (5) Equity accounts. All transactions in a double-entry system result in entries in at least two different accounts. When the company receives cash through a bank loan, the double-entry system records:  Firstly, a debit (DR) for an asset account, e.g., Cash on hand. For an asset account, a DR is an increase.  Secondly, a credit (CR) to a liability account, e.g., bank loans. A CR to a liability account increases its balance. Single-Entry System: Focus on Revenues and Expenses Only A single-entry system tracks Revenues and Expenses but does not monitor Assets, Liabilities, or Owners Equities. With a single-entry system, however, the company may receive cash from a bank loan and record that as incoming cash. In this case, however, there is no easy way to register the corresponding increase in liability (bank loan debt). Singly-Entry Systems Do Not Support Accrual Accounting Single-entry systems, moreover, work hand-in-glove with cash basis accounting, where firms record inflows and outflows only when cash, in fact, flows. Also, single-entry systems cannot easily support the alternative, accrual accounting. When the delivery of goods and services and customer payments come at different times, for instance, accrual accounting provides mechanisms for implementing the matching concept. Consequently, the firm recognizes revenues and the expenses that brought them in the same accounting period.

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If the vendor delivery and the customer payment fall in different time periods, however, the single-entry system has no way of matching the two events. The single-entry system, therefore, can present a misleading picture of earnings for either period.

In Conclusion: Single-Entry Accounting is Inadequate For Public Companies These difficulties make it extremely difficult—if not impossible—to build a single-entry system that conforms to GAAP requirements in most countries (Generally accepted accounting principles). This lack may not concern sole proprietorships, partnerships, or small privately-held corporations. For such firms, the accounting system must support only the tax and employment reporting requirements. It is nearly impossible to build a single-entry system, however, that by itself supports the reporting needs of public corporations (companies that sell shares of stock to the public). A single-entry system, in fact, is inadequate, for any firm that must report statements of income, financial position (Balance sheet), retained earnings, or cash flow ("Changes in financial position").

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