SM Ch5 - Answer Key PDF

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Chapter 5 System Development and Program Change ActivitiesReview Questions Distinguish between systems professionals, end users, and stakeholders. Response: Systems professionals are systems analysts, systems designers, and programmers; these individuals actually build the system. End users are the ...

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Chapt e r5 Sy s t e m De v e l opme ntandPr ogr am ChangeAc t i vi t i e s Re vi e wQue s t i ons 1. Di s t i ngui s hbe t we e ns y s t e mspr of e s s i onal s , e ndus e r s , ands t ake ho l de r s . Re s pons e : Sy s t e ms pr of e s s i ona l sa r es y s t e ms a na l y s t s ,s y s t e ms de s i gne r s ,a nd pr o gr a mme r s ;t h e s ei ndi v i dua l sa c t ua l l yb ui l dt h es y s t e m.Endus e r sa r et hei ndi vi dua l sf orwhom t hes y s t e mi sbui l t .Endu s e r sa r ef oundt hr ou ghoutt heo r g a ni z a t i on .St ake hol de r sa r ei ndi v i dua l s e i t he rwi t hi nt heor g a ni z a t i ono rout s i dewhoh a v ea ni n t e r e s ti nt hes y s t e m buta r eno tt h ee nd us e r s . 2.Wha ti st her ol eo ft heac c o unt a nti nt heSDLC?Whymi g htac c o unt a nt sbec al l e donf or i nputi nt ot hede v e l opme nto fanonac c ount i ngi nf or ma t i ons y s t e m? Re s pons e : Ac c oun t a nt sa r ei n v o l v e di ns y s t e msde v e l op me nti nt hr e e wa y s .Fi r s t , a c c o unt a nt sa r eu s e r s .Al ls y s t e mst ha tpr o c e s sfina nc i a lt r a ns a c t i onsi mpa c tt hea c c ount i n g f unc t i oni ns omewa y .Li k ea l lu s e r s ,a c c ount a nt smu s tpr o vi deac l e a rp i c t ur eoft he i rp r obl e ms a ndne e d st ot hes y s t e mspr o f e s s i o na l s .Se c ond ,a c c o un t a nt spa r t i c i pa t ei ns y s t e msde v e l opme nta s me mb e r soft h ede v e l o pme n t t e a m.Th e i ri n v ol v e me ntof t e ne xt e ndsb e y ondt hede v e l op me n tof s t r i c t l yAI Sa ppl i c a t i ons .Sy s t e mst h a tdono tpr oc e s sfina nc i a lt r a ns a c t i onsdi r e c t l yma ys t i l ldr a w f r om a c c o unt i ngda t a . Th ea c c o unt a ntma ybec o ns ul t e dt opr o vi dea d vi c eort ode t e r mi nei f t hepr opos e ds y s t e mc ons t i t ut e sa ni nt e r n a lc o nt r olr i s k. I na l lc a s e s ,t hel e v e lofa udi t or pa r t i c i pa t i on i sl i mi t e db yi nde pe nde n c ei s s ue si np r of e s s i ona ls t a nda r dsa n de t hi c s .Th i r d, a c c o unt a nt sa r ei n v ol v e di ns y s t e msd e v e l op me n ta sa u di t or s .Ac c o unt i n gi nf or ma t i ons y s t e ms mus tbea ud i t a b l e .So mec o mput e ra udi tt e c h ni q ue sr e q ui r es p e c i a lf e a t ur e st h a tn e e dt obe de s i gne di nt ot hes y s t e mdur i n gt h eSDLC. 3. Wha tar et het hr e epr obl e mst hatac c o untf ormos ts y s t e mf a i l ur e s ? Re s pons e :Thi si sat hough tpr o v oki n gque s t i ona nds t ude nta ns we r swi l lv a r y .Exa mpl e s a r e :Poor l ys pe c i fie ds y s t e msr e q ui r e me n t s ,i n e ffe c t i v ede v e l o pme n tt e c hni q ue s ,a ndl a c kofus e r i n v ol v e me n ti ns ys t e msd e v e l opme nt . 4.Whyi si tof t e ndi ffic ul tt oo bt ai nc o mpe t e ntandme ani ng f ulus e ri nv ol v e me nti nt he SDLC? Re s po ns e :Thi si sat hou gh tpr o v oki n gq ue s t i ona nds t u de nta ns we r swi l lv a r y .Users must be actively involved in the systems development process. Their involvement should not be stifled because the proposed system is technically complex. Regardless of the technology involved, the user can and should provide a detailed written description of the logical needs that must be satisfied by the system. The creation of a user specification document often involves the joint efforts of the user and systems professionals. However, it is most important that this document remain a statement of user needs. It should describe the user’s view of the problem, not that of the systems professionals. Unfortunately us e r sma ybe c omed i s c o ur a g e dwhe nt he ydi s c o v e rt het i me

t he ymu s ta c t ua l l yi n v e s t ,a ndc o mmuni c a t i onbe t we e ne ndu s e r sa nds ys t e mspr of e s s i o na l si s g e ne r a l l yno tflu e nt . 5. Whos ho ul ds i tont hes y s t e mss t e e r i ngc o mmi t t e e ?Wha tar ei t st ypi c alr e s pons i bi l i t i e s ? Re s pons e :Thec o mpos i t i onoft hes t e e r i n gc ommi t t e ema yi n c l u det h ef ol l o wi n g:t h ec h i e f e x e c u t i v eoffic e r ,t hec h i e ffina nc i a loffic e r ,t hec h i e fi nf or ma t i onoffic e r ,s e ni orma na g e me ntf r o m us e ra r e a s ,t hei nt e r na la udi t or ,s e ni orma na g e me ntf r om c o mput e rs e r v i c e s ,e xt e r na lc ons ul t a nt s , a nde x t e r na la ud i t or s .

Thet ypi c a lr e s pons i bi l i t i e soft hes t e e r i n gc o mmi t t e ei nc l ude : a . r e s ol v i ngc onfli c t st ha ta r i s ef r om t hene ws y s t e m. b . r e v i e wi n gpr o j e c t sa nda s s i gni n gpr i or i t i e s . c . bu dg e t i n gf und sf ors y s t e msde v e l op me nt . d .r e vi e wi n gt hes t a t usofi ndi vi dua lpr o j e c t sunde rde v e l opme n t . e . de t e r mi n i n ga tv a r i ousc h e c kpo i nt st hr ou ghoutt heSDLCwhe t he rt oc o n t i nuet hep r o j e c t ort e r mi na t ei t . 6. Whyi ss t r at e g i cs y s t e mspl anni ngno tt e c hni c al l yc o ns i de r e dt obepa r toft heSDLC? Re s pons e :St r a t e g i cs y s t e msp l a nni n gi snotpa r toft h eSDLCbe c a u s et heSDLCpe r t a i ns t os pe c i fica pp l i c a t i ons ,whe r e a st hes t r a t e gi cs y s t e mspl a ni sc o nc e r ne dwi t ht hea l l oc a t i onof s uc hs y s t e msr e s our c e sa se mpl o y e e s( t henumbe rofs y s t e mspr of e s s i on a l st obehi r e d) ,ha r dwa r e ( t h en umb e rofwor ks t a t i ons ,mi ni c o mput e r s ,a ndma i n f r a me st obepur c ha s e d ) ,s of t wa r e( t he f unds t o be a l l oc a t e dt on e w s y s t e ms pr o j e c t sa nd f or s y s t e ms ma i n t e na nc e ) ,a nd t e l e c ommuni c a t i ons( t h ef undsa l l oc a t e dt one t wor ki n ga ndEDI ) . 7. Wha ti ss t r at e gi cs y s t e mspl anni ng, andwhys houl di tbedone ? Re s pons e : St r a t e g i cs y s t e mspl a nni n gi n v ol v e st hea l l oc a t i onofs y s t e msr e s our c e sa tt hema c r o l e v e l . I tus u a l l yde a l swi t hat i mef r a meof3t o5y e a r s . Th i sp r o c e s si ss i mi l a rt obudg e t i n g r e s our c e sf oro t he rs t r a t e g i ca c t i vi t i e s ,s uc ha spr odu c tde v e l opme n t , pl a nte x pa ns i ons , ma r k e tr e s e a r c h, a ndma n uf a c t u r i n gt e c hno l ogy . The r ea r ef ourj us t i fic a t i on sf ors t r a t e gi cs y s t e mspl a nni n g: 1. Apl a nt ha tc ha n g e sc ons t a nt l yi sbe t t e rt h a nnop l a na ta l l . 2. St r a t e gi cp l a n ni n gr e d uc e st hec r i s i sc ompone nti ns y s t e msde v e l o pme n t . 3. St r a t e gi cs y s t e mspl a nni n gpr o vi de sa ut hor i z a t i onc ont r olf ort heSDLC. 4. Cos tma n a g e me nt . 8. Wha ti st hepur pos eofpr o j e c tpl anni ng, andwha ta r et hev a r i ouss t e ps ? Re s pons e : The pur pos e ofpr o j e c tpl a nni n gi st oa l l oc a t er e s our c e st oi ndi vi du a l a ppl i c a t i onswi t hi nt hef r a me wo r koft hes t r a t e g i cpl a n.Thi si n v ol v e si de nt i f yi n ga r e a sofus e r ne e ds ,pr e p a r i n gpr o pos a l s ,e v a l ua t i n ge a c hpr o pos a l ’ sf e a s i bi l i t ya ndc ont r i but i ont ot hebus i ne s s pl a n ,pr i or i t i z i n gi ndi vi d ua lpr o j e c t s ,a nds c h e dul i n gt hewor kt obedone .Th eba s i cpur p os eof pr o j e c tpl a nni n gi st oa l l oc a t es c a r c er e s ou r c e st os pe c i ficp r o j e c t s .Thepr oduc toft hi spha s e c o ns i s t soft wof or ma ldoc u me n t s :t hepr o j e c tpr o pos a la ndt h epr o j e c ts c he du l e . 9. Wha ti st heobj e c t o r i e nt e dde s i gn( OOD)appr oac h? Re s pons e :OOD bui l dss y s t e msf r om t h ebo t t om upt hr ou ght h ea s s e mbl yo fr e us a bl e modul e sr a t he rt ha nc r e a t ee a c hs y s t e mf r om s c r a t c h .OOD i smos tof t e na s s oc i a t e dwi t ha n i t e r a t i v ea ppr oa c ht oSDLCwhe r es ma l lc h unkso rmodul e s ,c y c l et h r ougha l lo ft heSDLCph a s e s r a t he rr a p i dl y ,wi t has hor tt i mef r a mef r om be gi n ni n gt oe nd.The na ddi t i ona lmod ul e sorc h unks a r ea dde di ns omea pp r opr i a t ef a s hi onunt i lt h ewhol es y s t e m ha sb e e nde v e l o p e d. 10.Wha tar et hebr o adc l as s e soff ac t st hatne e dt obeg a t he r e di nt hes y s t e mss ur v e y ? Re s pons e :Da t as our c e s ,us e r s ,d a t as t or e s ,pr oc e s s e s ,da t aflo ws ,c ont r o l s ,t r a n s a c t i on v ol u me s ,e r r orr a t e s ,r e s our c ec o s t s ,a ndb o t t l e n e c k sa ndr e dunda ntope r a t i o ns .

11.Wha tar et hepr i mar yf ac t ga t he r i ngt e c hni que s ? Re s pons e : Ob s e r v a t i on, t a s k pa r t i c i pa t i on,pe r s ona li n t e r vi e ws ,a nd r e vi e wi n g ke y doc u me n t s 12. Wha tar et her e l a t i v eme r i t sanddi s adv ant age so fac ur r e nts y s t e mss ur v e y ? Re s pons e :Ana dv a nt a g eofs t udy i n gt hec ur r e nts y s t e mi st ha ti tp r o vi de sawa yt oi d e nt i f y wha ta s pe c t so ft heol ds y s t e ma r epo s i t i v ea nds houl dbek e pt .Fur t he r ,t het a s ks ,p r oc e du r e s ,a nd da t aoft heol ds y s t e m ne e dt obeunde r s t o ods ot ha tt hepha s e i noft hene ws y s t e mc a nha n dl e a n yc h a n g e s .Al s o ,as ur v e yo ft hec u r r e nts y s t e m ma yhe l pt hea na l y s tde t e r mi net heunde r l yi n g c a u s eo ft her e po r t e ds y mpt oms .Adi s a dv a nt a g ei st ha tt hea na l y s i soft h ec u r r e nts y s t e m ma ybe t oot i me c o ns u mi n g ,e s pe c i a l l yi fc on duc t e da tt oode t a i l e dal e v e l .Fur t he r ,t hes t udyoft he c u r r e nts y s t e m ma yc r e a t et unne lv i s i ona nd/ o rpr ohi bi tt hea na l y s t sf r o mt hi nki n gi na ni nn o v a t i v e f a s h i on. 13. Di s t i ngui s hamongda t as our c e s , dat as t or e s ,anddat aflo ws . Re s pons e :Da t as o ur c e si nc l ud et wot ype sofe nt i t i e s :( a )e xt e r n a l ,s uc ha sc u s t o me r sor v e ndor s ,a nd ( bi nt e r na l ,ot he rd e pa r t me n t si nt heor g a ni z a t i on.Dat as t or e sa r et hefil e s , da t a ba s e s ,a c c ount s ,a n ds our c ed oc ume nt su s e di nt he s y s t e m.Da t a flo wsr e pr e s e ntt he mo v e me ntofdoc u me n torr e p or t sa mo n gt heda t as our c e s ,da t as t or e s ,pr oc e s s i n gt a s ks ,a nd us e r s . 14. Wha tar es omeoft heke ydoc ume nt st hatma yber e vi e we di nac ur r e nts y s t e mss ur v e y ? Re s pons e :Someoft hek e ydoc u me n t st ha tma yber e v i e we da r eor g a n i z a t i onc ha r t s ,j ob de s c r i pt i o ns ,a c c ount i n g ma n u a l s ,c ha r t s of a c c ount s ,pol i c ys t a t e me n t s ,de s c r i p t i on s of pr oc e d ur e s ,fina nc i a ls t a t e me n t s ,pe r f or ma nc er e po r t s ,s y s t e m flo wc h a r t s ,s o ur c ed oc ume nt s , a c c o unt s ,b u dg e t s ,f or e c a s t s , a n dmi s s i ons t a t e me nt s . 15.Wha ti st hepur pos eofas y s t e msana l y s i s ,andwha tt ypeofi nf or ma t i ons houl dbe i nc l ude di nt hes y s t e msana l y s i sr e po r t ? Re s pons e :Thepur pos eofs y s t e msa na l y s i si st ounde r s t a n dbo t ht hea c t ua la n dt h ede s i r e d s t a t e s .Thes y s t e msa n a l y s i sr e por ts houl dc ont a i nt h ep r obl e msi d e nt i fie dwi t ht hec u r r e nts y s t e m, t heus e r ’ sne e ds , a ndt her e q ui r e me n t soft h en e ws y s t e m. 16.Wha ti st hepr i mar yobj e c t i v eoft hec onc e pt uals y s t e msde s i gnphas e ? Re s pons e :Thepur pos eoft hec onc e p t u a lde s i gnpha s ei st op r odu c es e v e r a la l t e r na t i v e c o nc e pt ua ls y s t e mst ha ts a t i s f yt hes y s t e mr e q ui r e me nt si de nt i fie dd ur i n gs y s t e msa na l y s i s .By pr e s e nt i n gus e r swi t hanu mb e rofp l a u s i bl ea l t e r na t i v e s ,t hes y s t e msp r of e s s i ona la v oi dsi mpos i n g pr e c o nc e i v e dc ons t r a i nt sont hene ws y s t e m.Theus e rwi l le v a l ua t et he s ec on c e pt u a lmod e l sa n d s e t t l eont hea l t e r na t i v e st ha ta ppe a rmo s tpl a us i bl ea n da ppe a l i n g .The s ea l t e r na t i v ed e s i gnst he n g ot ot hes y s t e mss e l e c t i onph a s eo fSDLC,wh e r et he i rr e s pe c t i v ec o s t sa n db e ne fit sa r ec o mpa r e d a ndas i n g l eopt i mu m de s i gni sc hos e n. 17.Wha tar et woappr oac he st oc onc e pt uals y s t e msde s i gn? Re s pons e :Thes t r uc t ur e da ppr oa c ha ndt heob j e c t or i e nt e da p p r oa c h. 18.Ho wmuc hde s i gnde t ai li sne e de di nt hec onc e pt ualde s i gnphas e ? Re s pons e :Thec onc e p t u a lde s i gnpha s es houl dbeg e ne r a l ;ho we v e r ,i ts houl dpos s e s s s uffic i e n tde t a i lt ode mon s t r a t eho wt hea l t e r n a t i v es y s t e msa r ec onc e p t ua l l ydi ffe r e nti nt he i r f unc t i ons .

19.Wha ti sanobj e c t ,andwha ta r ei t sc har ac t e r i s t i c si nt heobj e c t or i e nt e dappr o a c h?Gi v e t woe x ampl e s . Re s po ns e :The object-oriented design (OOD) approach is to build information systems from reusable standard components or objects. The concept of reusability is central to the objectoriented approach to systems design. Once created, standard modules can be used in other systems with similar needs. Ideally, the organization’s systems professionals will create a library (inventory) of modules that can be used by other system designers within the firm. For example the tasks of validating data in a payroll system or an AR system prior to updating are similar in concept and may be performed by program modules derived from the same object. The benefits of this approach include reduced time and cost for development, maintenance, and testing and improved user support and flexibility in the development process. 20. Wha ti st hea udi t or ’ spr i ma r yr o l ei nt hec o nc e pt ualde s i gnoft hes y s t e m? Re s pon s e :Thea u di t ori sas t a k e h ol d e ri na l lfina nc i a ls y s t e msa nd,t hus ,ha sa ni nt e r e s ti nt he c o nc e pt ua lde s i gns t a g eo ft h es y s t e m.Thea u di t a bi l i t yo fas y s t e m de pe nd si npa r toni t sde s i gn c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .Somec omput e ra udi t i n gt e c hni q ue sr e qu i r es y s t e mst obede s i gne dwi t hs pe c i a l a udi tf e a t ur e st ha ta r ei nt e gr a lt ot hes ys t e m.The s ea udi tf e a t ur e smus tb es p e c i fie da tt he c o nc e pt ua lde s i gns t a g e . 21.Whos ho ul dbei nc l ude di nt hegr oupo fi nde pe nde nte v al uat or spe r f or mi ngt hede t ai l e d f e as i bi l i t ys t udy ? Re s pons e : Th i si sat ho u ghtpr o v oki n gq ue s t i ona nda ns we r swi l lv a r y .Th ef ol l o wi n g i ndi v i du a l sma ybei n v ol v e d:Thep r oj e c tma na g e r ,ame mb e roft hei nt e r n a la udi ts t a ff,aus e r r e pr e s e n t a t i v e ,a nds y s t e mspr of e s s i ona l swhoa r eno tpa r toft hep r oj e c tb utha v ee xpe r t i s ei nt he s pe c i fica r e a sc o v e r e db yt hef e a s i bi l i t ys t ud y . 22.Wha tmake st hec os t be ne fitanal y s i smor edi ffic ul tf ori nf or ma t i ons y s t e mst hanf or mos tot he ri nv e s t me nt sano r gani z a t i onma yma ke ? Re s pons e : Th ebe ne fit so fi nf or ma t i ons y s t e msa r eof t e nv e r ydi ffic ul tt oa s s e s s .Ma n y t i me st he be n e fit sa r ei n t a n gi bl e ,s uc ha si mpr o v e d de c i s i onma ki n gc a pa bi l i t i e s .Al s o, ma i nt e na n c ec o s t sma ybedi ffic u l tt opr e di c t .Mo s to t he ri n v e s t me nt st ha tor g a ni z a t i onsma k e ,f or e xa mpl e ,t hepur c h a s eofane w pi e c eofe q ui pme n t ,t e ndt oha v emor et a n gi bl ea nde s t i ma b l e c o s t sa ndbe ne fit s . 23. Cl as s i f ye ac hoft hef o l l o wi ngase i t he rone t i meorr e c ur r i ngc o s t s : a . t r a i ni n gpe r s o nne lone t i me b .i n i t i a lpr ogr a mmi n ga ndt e s t i n go ne t i me c .s y s t e msde s i gnone t i me d .ha r d wa r ec os t son e t i me e .s of t wa r ema i nt e na nc ec os t sr e c ur r i n g f .s i t epr e pa r a t i ono ne t i me g .r e n tf orf a c i l i t i e sr e c u r r i n g h.da t ac o n v e r s i onf r om o l ds y s t e mt one ws y s t e mo ne t i me i .i ns ur a nc ec os t sr e c u r r i n g j .i ns t a l l a t i onofo r i g i na le qui pme n tone t i me k.ha r d wa r eupgr a d e sr e c ur r i n g 24. Di s t i ngui s hbe t we e nt ur nke yandbac k bones y s t e ms .Whi c hi smor efle x i bl e ?

Re s pons e :Tu r nk e ys y s t e msa r ec ompl e t e l yfini s he da ndt e s t e ds y s t e mst ha ta r er e a d yf or i mpl e me n t a t i on.Ba c k bones y s t e msp r o vi deaba s i cs y s t e ms t r uc t ur eonwh i c ht obu i l d,a nd.c o me wi t ht hepr i ma r ypr oc e s s i n gmodul e spr o gr a mme d.Th e ya r emuc hmor efle x i bl et ha nt ur nk e y s y s t e ms , buta r ea l s omo r ee x pe ns i v ea n dt i mec o ns u mi n g .

25.Di s c us st he r e l at i v e me r i t so fi nhous e pr ogr ams v e r s us c o mme r c i a l l y de v e l ope d s of t war e . Re s pons e :Al t ho ughi nhous epr ogr a msa r ev e r yt i mec ons umi n ga nde xpe ns i v et ode v e l op, a ndr e q ui r eal otofs ki l l e ds y s t e mspe r s o nne l ,t he i rma n ya d v a nt a g e sl e a dfir mst ode v e l opi nhous es y s t e ms .I nhous es y s t e msa r enotde pe nde ntup ona nout s i dev e ndorf orupda t e sa nd ma i nt e na n c e ;t he s ea s pe c t sa r ec ont r ol l e dl oc a l l y .The i nhous e pr o gr a ms a r ec o mp l e t e l y c u s t omi z e d, whe r e a sc omme r c i a l l yde v e l o pe ds o f t wa r ei sno t . 26. Whyi smo dul arpr og r a mmi ngpr e f e r abl et of r e ec odi ng ? Re s pons e : Re g a r dl e s soft hep r ogr a mmi n gl a n g ua g eus e d ,mode r npr o gr a mss houl df ol l o w amo dul a ra p p r oa c h.Thi st e c h ni q uepr odu c e ss ma l lpr ogr a mst ha tp e r f or m na r r o wl yde fine d t a s ks .Thef ol l o wi n gt hr e ebe ne fit sa r ea s s oc i a t e dwi t hmodul a rpr ogr a mmi n g . 1.Pr og r a mmi n ge ffic i e nc y .Mo d ul e sc a nbec o de da ndt e s t e di nde p e nd e nt l y ,whi c hv a s t l yr e duc e s pr o gr a mmi n gt i me . Afir mc a na s s i gns e v e r a lpr o gr a mme r st oas i n gl es y s t e m.Wor ki ngi npa r a l l e l , t hepr o gr a mme r se a c hde s i gnaf e w modu l e s .The s ea r et he na s s e mbl e di nt ot h ec omp l e t e d s y s t e m. 2.Ma i nt e na nc ee ffic i e nc y .Sma l lmodul e sa r ee a s i e rt oa na l yz ea ndc ha n g e ,whi c hr e duc e st he s t a r t upt i medur i n gpr o gr a m ma i nt e na nc e .Ext e ns i v ec h a ng e sc a nb epa r c e l e doutt os e v e r a l pr o gr a mme r ss i mu l t a ne ous l yt os h or t e nma i nt e na nc et i me . 3. Con t r ol . Byk e e pi n gmo dul e ss ma l l ,t he ya r el e s sl i k e l yt oc ont a i nma t e r i a le r r o r so f f r a udul e ntl og i c . 27. Whys houl dt e s tda t abes a v e daf t e ri thasbe e nus e d? Re s pons e :Thes a v e dd a t ai sc a l l e daba s ec a s ea nddoc ume n t sho wt hes y s t e m pe r f or me d a tonepo i nti nt i me .Ata n ypoi nti nt h ef ut u r e ,t h eba s ec a s es hou l dpr odu c et hes a mer e s ul t s . The r e f or e , i ti ss a v e dt of a c i l i t a t ef u t ur et e s t i n g . 28. Ex pl ai nt hei mpor t anc eofdoc ume nt a t i onbyt hes y s t e m’ spr ogr amme r s . Re s pons e : Sy s t e ms p r ogr a mme r s ,a s we l la ss y s t e ms de s i gne r s , wi l l ne e dt he doc u me n t a t i ont he ms e l v e si no r de rt ode bu gt hes y s t e ma n dpe r f or m ma i nt e n a nc e . 29. Wha tdo c ume nt snott ypi c al l yne e de dbyot he rs t ake hol de r sdoac c o unt a nt sandaudi t or s ne e df ort hene ws y s t e m? Re s pons e :Doc u me n tflo wc h a r t sofma n u a lp r o c e d ur e sa r ene e d e db yt hea c c o unt a nt sa nd a udi t or s .The s e flo wc h a r t sde s c r i be t h eph y s i c a ls y s t e mb ys ho wi n ge xpl i c i t l yt heflow o f i nf or ma t i onb e t we e nde p a r t me nt s ,t hede pa r t me n t si nwhi c ht het a s ksa r ea c t u a l l ype r f or me d ,a nd t hes pe c i fict ype sa ndnu mb e rofd oc ume nt st ha tc a r r yi nf or ma t i on.Thus ,t hi sdoc u me n tp r o v i de s avi e wo ft h es e gr e g a t i ono ff unc t i ons ,a d e qua c yofs our c edoc u me n t s , a n dl oc a t i onoffil e s .

Di s c us s i onQue s t i ons 1. Comme ntont hef ol l o wi ngs t a t e me nt :“Thema i nt e nanc es t ageoft heSDLCi nv ol v e s maki ngt ...