SMAD EXAM 3 Study Guide - All lectures & book notes + videos PDF

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https://quizlet.com/500704808/exam-3-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/500150181/smad-vocab-andvideos-flash-cards/ CHAP 7 AUDIO → 1st medium to bring people together through shared responses to events, dependent on electricity I. Lin-Manual Miranda & Kendrick Lamar both win Pulitzers for hip-hop A. Hamilton won pulitzer award for drama in 2016 II. Storing Sound A. 1877: Thomas Edison invents phonograph that records sound on foil cylinders 1. Changed face of music 2. Provided a revolutionary way of storing the actual music, not just the symbols written down by the composer 3. Non-notated music → folk songs/jazz solos that do not necessarily exist in written form, phonograph made storage of this music possible B. 1888: Emile Berliner develops gramophone that plays music on mass produced discs from original recording rather than cylinders C. Electronic phonograph along with amplifier and loudspeakers replaces all-mechanical gramophone D. 1935: Hi-fi (high fidelity) → combo of technologies to created more accurate music with higher notes and deeper base E. LP → long-playing record F. CD → compact disc III. Signals at a distance A. 1844: Samuel Morse’s telegraph allowed messages to be sent over wires, no longer did transportation set limits on communication B. 1888: Theoretical work by Heinrich Hertz lays the groundwork for wireless telegraph C. 1890s: Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless telegraph allowing point-to-point communication that used radio waves to transmit messages D. 1905: Reginald Fessenden makes Christmas Eve broadcast w/ voices and music, setting the stage for broadcasting something more than just Morse code IV. Radio Music Box Memo A. 1915: American Marconi engineer David Sarnoff writes radio music box memo 1. Suggested major uses for radio as a mass communication tool including news, music, and sports 2. Invented radio as a social institution 3. More receivers than transmitters V. RCA (radio corporation of America) Monopoly A. Created to bring together patents, develop radio as a medium B. General Electric, AT&T, Westinghouse, and United Fruit Company 1. Fruit Company: help patents to communicate with ships carrying fruit

C. 1920: KDKA in Pittsburgh launched as 1st commercial radio station VI. Radio advertising A. WEAF in NYC → first station to sell airtime to advertisers VII. Growth of Radio networks A. Sarnoff suggests that RCA form a network → programming provided to a large group of broadcast stations, thus making a wider selection of programming available to smaller stations 1. 1926: RCA established the National Broadcasting company (NBC) as the first US major broadcasting network: believed its mission was to develop programs for the benefit of its listeners B. William Paley saw Colombia Broadcasting System (CBS) as an advert medium: believed its real clients were the advertisers who sponsored the programs C. ABC splintered off from NBC VIII. Golden Age of Radio (1920s - 1940s) → era in which radio played the same role that television does today A. Music B. Drama 1. Little Orphan Annie, The Lone Ranger, The Shadow C. Soap Operas → daytime dramas targeted primarily at women, got name from commercials featured cleaning products D. Radio & Race: 1926: Amos n’ Andy → criticism that the show was produced by whites primarily for whites 1. First nationally broadcast daily drama IX. Radios New Look A. Technologies closest to terrestrial radio (AM & FM broadcast radio stations) are HD & Satellite radio 1. HD Radio → (high-definition radio) tried to bring new life to broadcast radio, technology provides listeners with CD-quality sound and the choice of multiple channels of programming, but it has not achieved a high level of popularity, to date a commercial failure 2. Satellite radio → radio service provided by digital signal broadcast from a communications satellite. Supported by subscribers, this service covers a wider area than terrestrial radio and offers programming that is different from corporate-owned terrestrial stations. However, it is costly and doesn't provide local coverage, such as traffic and weather a) XM & Sirius merge to become SiriusXM Single service more successful b) Shock Jock → Howard Stern, biggest name on satellite radio who attracts listeners by making outrageous and offensive comments on the air X. Streaming/Downloads: Online and Mobile Audio A. Streaming audio → audio programming transmitted over the internet (Spotify, Apple Music, using Alexa, Amazonecho) B. Podcasting → audio programs distributed over the internet as MP3 compressed music files that can be listened to online or downloaded to a computer or an MP3 player 1. MP3 → Short for Moving Picture Experts Group audio layer 3; a standard for compressing music from CDs or other digital recordings into computer files that can be easily exchanged on the internet.

XI. How to build a Podcast Empire A. Norm Pattiz → providing products to consumers whenever they want it B. “Serial” C. Discussing CBS coming into podcasting as a benefit to all players XII. Rock n Roll & Musical Integration A. Race Records → term used by the recording industry prior to 1949 to refer to recordings by popular black artists. recordings by popular black musicians, from blues, to gospel, to jazz B. 1949: genre begins to be called R&B (rhythm & blues), soul, and urban contemporary C. 1950s: Elvin Presley & Chuck Berry D. Cover → Songs recorded (or covered) by someone other than the original artist. In the 1950s, it was common for white musicians to cover songs originally played by black artists, but now artists commonly cover all genres of music. E. Dewey Phillips attracted multi-racial audience for “Red, Hot, & Blue” radio show F. 1950s & 60s: Motown (founded by Berry Gordy Jr.) and girl groups 1. Motown is now a small unit within media giant Universal Music Group 2. Brought R&B to the masses G. Music helped to drive the civil rights movement H. Girl Groups → A musical group composed of several women singers who harmonize together. Groups such as the Shirelles, the Ronettes, and the Shangri-Las, featuring female harmonies and high production values, were especially popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. XIII. 1964: British Invasion → British take on classic American rock ’n’ roll and became internationally popular A. The Beatles 1. 1967: Record Album “Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band” a) Concept Album → brought together a group of related songs on common themes (Beatles Sgt. Peppers was the first) b) First rock albums that was more than a collection of hit singles and their flip sides 2. Rolling Stones 3. The Who 4. Dusty Springfield 5. The Hollies XIV. The Growing importance of Producers A. Producers → main job is to out together the right songs, songwriters, technicians, and performer in the creation of an album. Argued to be the person responsible for making hit records 1. With rock, the producer shapes the sound and becomes an integral part of the musical process 2. Role continued to grow throughout the 1970s a) Disco and range of heavily produced club music including rap, house, and techno b) Disco → the ultimate producer music, in which beat and overall sound created by the producer matter more than the vocals or talents of the instrumentalists, grew out of the urban gay male subculture with significant black and Latino influences

c) Disco important today → defined the look and feel of 1970s pop culture, fashion, and film XV. Hip Hop brings together DJing, Dancing, Rapping, and Art A. Hip-Hop → a cultural movement that originated in the 1970s and 1980s that features four main elements: 1. MCing → the spoken word or rapping over recorded music 2. DJing → playing recorded music from multiple sources, oftentimes overlapping (New York) 3. B-boying → physical movement, a style of hip-hop dancing, often referred to as breakdancing 4. Graffiti art → the visual images of the culture (Philadelphia) B. Hip-hop/rap often used interchangeably, rapping is really just a single facet of the larger world of hip-hip 1. Sound got started in the 1970s when DJs began name-checking where they were from, including their cities, streets, or even neighborhoods C. Rap music → spread out of the Bronx in the 1970s and 1980s via cassettes that were passed from person to person, emerged from clubs where DJs played and remixed different records and sounds and then spoke (or rapped) over the top 1. Central themes: race and gender, but globally has been used to protest against the status quo and raise awareness of local issues a) Mohammad Abu Hajar → Syrian exile who used hip-hop as a way of expressing his rebellion against the political problems in his native country along with the issues of honor crimes and interfaith marriages XVI. Country Music → Originially referred to as hillbilly or “old-timey” music, grew out of Irish and Scottish folk music, Mississippi blues, and christian gospel music, grew in the 1950s & 60s with the so-called Nashville sound A. Songs often relay a story about people in suburban/rural settings B. Revitalized in 1980 by movie “Urban Cowboy” C. 2017: Rolling Stone publishes top 5 country artists of the modern era (most popular radio format in the US 2017) 1. The Carter Family 2. Loretta Lynn 3. Johnny Cash 4. Hank Williams 5. Merle Haggards XVII. Popular Radio Formats A. Most popular 2017 1. Country → 13.2% of stations carrying it 2. News/Talk (both commercial/non-commerical) → 12.3% 3. Adult Contemporary (AC) and Soft AC → 8.1% B. Format Radio → style of radio programming designed to appeal to a narrow, specific audience, made up of a range of current hits XVIII. Spanish - Language Broadcasting A. Important part of market since growth of hispanic populations XIX. Talk Radio: Politics, News, Shock Jocks, and Sports A. Political Talk

1. Radio stations are looking for entertaining hosts who have a strong point of view and ability to “connect with the audience” 2. Talk radio leans strongly conservative a) Rush Limbaugh & Sean Hannity = 2 most important hosts B. Shock Jocks 1. Opie & Anthony & Todd Clem a) Disgusting, racist, and repulsive broadcasters C. All-sports radio XX. Public Radio A. NPR (changed name from National Public Radio to NPR in 2010) 1. 1967 Public Broadcasting Act → authorized public radio 2. 1971: National Public Radio (NPR) went on the air with its first program, the evening newsmagazine “All Things Considered” 3. 2 major developments a) Growth of the satellite delivery of network programming b) Installation of FM radios in most private cars (1) Biggest audiences are in cities whose workers have long commutes c) 1979: NPR launches Morning Edition, a 2 hour news program that has become the most-listened-to morning news show in the country 4. Funding: Major challenge facing public radio a) Largest sources or revenue (1) Programming fees paid by local member stations - 38% (2) Sponsorship fees - 26% (3) Gets relatively little money from the government except for governments funds indirectly through the programming fees paid to its member stations XXI. Concerns about effects of music on young people A. Words have strong impact B. Rap: complaint about misogynistic, violent, and racist words C. Importance of Pop music (popular music) 1. It is an entire social statement 2. Through pop music, young people often have their first contact with much of our culture XXII. Changing the Musical Experience: From Social Music to Personal Soundtracks A. Social music → music people play and sing for one another in the home or in other social settings, died off with technological inventions. In the absence of radio, recordings, and later, television, this was the means of hearing music and readily available to the largest number of people B. Akio Morita’s “Personal Soundtrack” → inventor of the Sony Walkman in 1979 1. Walkman gave people privacy in public areas 2. Contributed to trend of personalized media use characterized by downloads, podcasts, and streaming audio XXIII. From Singles to Digital Downloads: Making Money in the Recording Industry A. LPs Versus 45s 1. 1948: LP developed by Columbia Records → discs labeled unbreakable, could reproduce 23 minutes of high-quality music

2. 45-rpm disc David Sarnoff and RCA’s → own format of the LP that could only play 4 minutes of music at at time. Marketing popular hit songs to teenagers 3. Vinyls resurgence in the market for their size and creativity with cover art XXIV. CDs and Digital Recording A. 1969: Philips Electronics physicist Klaas Compaan began work on the CD 1. Joined with Sony to create a standard compact disc 2. 1982: CD launched in Europe and brought to US in 1983 B. Digital Recording → method of recording sound that involves storing it as a series of numbers C. Analog recording → original method of recording that involved cutting a groove in a record or placing a magnetic signal on a tape that was an image of the sound wave being recorded 1. Copies were not as good as originals, copies of copies showed further degradation in quality XXV. Economics of Streaming and Downloads A. MP3 → Most recent format for music, a compressed music file that can be easily shared XXVI. Radio Consolidates and Goes High-Tech A. Telecommunications Act of 1996 → accelerated broadcast deregulation because it lifted the restrictions on overall broadcast ownership 1. A single company could now own unlimited numbers of radio stations B. Clear Channel: rule changed resulted in them buying $30 billion worth of radio stations nationwide 1. 2014: changed name to iHeartMedia 2. Largest station owner in the United States XXVII. Future of Sound A. Radio began with AM broadcasting as the primary medium for news and entertainment B. 1940s-50s: TV displaced radio and transformed it into a companion medium that people listened to in the background rather than something that dominated their attention C. 1970s: FM broadcasting became popular, bringing stereo and high fidelity to broadcasting D. Analog broadcasting is now the most popular choice XXVIII. Music and the Long Tail: Alternatives to Broadcasting A. Importance of “1,000 True Fans” B. Kickstarter funding XXIX. New Economic Models for the Music Industry A. How to make people want to pay for music B. Recorded music revenue increasing 2 years in a row 2016-2017 C. Streaming accounted for almost 2/3 of recorded music revenue for 2017, physical sales (17%) and digital download services (15%) followed

CHAP 8 I.

Case Study: Black Panther, bringing diversity to Superhero world D. 1st big budget superhero movie to have a black hero, director, and mostly black cast E. Huge financial success F. School and church groups attending

G. H. I. XXX. A. B.

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Importance of storytelling diversity Gone w/ the wind: glorifies racism: top box office receipts Birth of a nation: 1st feature film length film The Development of Movies Roots in 1880s, but became a major entertainment in the early 20th century The First Movie Makers 1. 1870s & 1880s: Etienne-Jules Marey → Helped develop systems for taking repeated photos of people and animals in motion 2. Eadweard Muybridge → established all horses four hooves leave the ground when it gallops; used child’s toy that put images on a spinning cylinder a) Eventually photographed both humans and animals moving against black and white screen b) 1887: Photos published in “Animal Locomotion”, key to know that he used print medium that lead to discovery of movies 3. Edison → Developed the kinetoscope → an early peep show like device used to view movies by an individual viewer a) 1893: First moving picture demonstrated to public in 30 second film “Blacksmith Scene” (1) Film projecting on screen replaced kinetoscope (2) Viewing changed from individual to group experience (3) Nickelodeons: Early theaters that grow out of penny arcades Early French Filmmakers: Auguste-Marie and Louis-Jean Lumiere 1. Created “cinematographe” → portable movie camera that could also be used as a projector 2. Set standards for speed that film would be shot at and for the format of the film 3. 1895: Opened 1st theater that showed short films about everyday life 4. 1902: Georges Melles “A trip to the Moon” featured special effects Edwin S. Porter: Telling a Story w/ Film 1. Expanded on ideas of Georges Melles 2. Created 1st hit US movie while working as a projectionist for Edison a) The Great Train Robbery: 1903 → helped establish how stories could be told through film D.W. Griffith: the Birth of the Blockbuster 1. Created Feature-length Film → theatrical movie that runs more than one hour a) 1915: The Birth of a Nation → story of KKK after Civil War, 3 hours long, most expensive movie to date (1) Film is blatantly racist: based off Thomas Dixon’s book “The Clansman” 2. “Intolerance” → failure financially, marked point where films needed outside financial backing a) Outside financing → directors are accountable for the people who control the purse strings b) Few directors have “final cut” right Movie Stars (era started under Griffith) 1. Directors/Studios reluctant to put actors names in films 2. Discovered people view/go to movies based on who is in it a) Florence Lawrence: “The Biograph Girl” → worked for Griffiths studio Biograph

(1) Left for independent moving pictures: became first actress to receive screen credit XXXI. The Studio System → factory-like way of producing films that involved having all of the talent, including the actors and directors, work directly for the movie studios. The studios also had almost complete control of the distribution system (vertical integration!) A. Sparked going West to avoid Edison’s “patent police” who tried to control use of movie technology, also for cheap land, scenery, and good lighting 1. EX: MGM, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros., etc. a) Studios had control from writing to editing and from writers to directors and actors b) Also had distribution control (1) Block bookings → requiring a theater to take a whole series of movies in order to get a few desirable, headliner films. Studios would buy theaters to ensure they received movie showings XXXII. United Artists → D.W. Griffith, Chaplin, Mary Pickford & Douglas Fairbanks A. Acquired and distributed films after independent film producers had completed them B. Model for today’s modern film studios (source of financing and distribution) C. 1981: Michael Ciminos “Heavens Gate” lost almost its entire cost of production; the studio merged w/ MGM XXXIII. Talking Pictures A. 1927: “The Jazz Singer,” commonly referred to as 1st talking film (it is actually a talkie) 1. Talkie → movie w/ synchronized sound that quickly replaced silent films 2. Helped make Warner Bros. a powerhouse B. 1926: “Don Juan,” 1st successful demonstration of talking picture 1. Had a synchronized soundtrack → sound effects, music, and voices synchronized with moving images in a movie C. Music Industry = apprehensive about talking pictures 1. Required stars to speak well while acting, not necessarily easy to do 2. Expensive (upgrade equipment, soundproofing) 3. Sound issues restricted cameras mobility, + noise in relation to location of filming 4. “Easy to make records & pictures, but another matter to make them together” D. Pitching and Pre-Production 1. Comparisons → goal is to show the tone of your film 2. Logline → one sentence summary of the movie that tells the genre, description of the protagonist, and theme 3. Pre-Production → making decision before you film (cast, assemble crew, costumes, props etc) 4. Breakdown → list of everything 5. Shooting schedule → details which scenes your gonna shoot and when 6. Call sheet → document given to every member of cast and crew the day before so they know when to get to work E. 1929: “Harpers” → critic points out that talkies are neither plays nor silent movies 1. Hollywood must determine new process 2. Walt Disney & Sound 3. Star Wars was first to fully exploit Dolby surround system

4. THX Theater Sound System → developed by Lucas, standard for high quality movie sound F. End of Studio system 1. 1938: US Department of Justice saw the studio system as a monopoly during test case of Paramount Pictures a) Paramount charged with conspiring to set terms for theaters renting films requiring them to charge certain minimum prices and to accept bloc...