SOC 101 Final PDF

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The second exam will be in the same format as the first. There will be multiple choice/true false questions, followed by a section of very short answer questions. Here are some BROAD topics you should definitely be aware of before the exam. This list is not inclusive of everything on the exam. All readings, videos, and lectures are fair game. Here are some important things to focus studying on. Race and EthnicityOvert and subtle/institutional racism: Big Topic ● Racism: set of attitudes/prejudice that is systematically applied to members of a group ○ Overt Racism: blatant; speech or refusal to associate ○ Subtle Racism: person to person; subconscious, set of mental categories, hidden, sunken into our institutions, hard to fix ○ Institutional Racism: large social structures create bias policies/ different institutional responses to different races (ex: crack v cocaine) White Flight ● White people move out of an area with a lot of minorities to the suburbs to avoid minorities, led to highly segregated urban areas and areas that have declining tax prices and deteriorating infrastructure. Eugenics: ● 1920's racialized science that taught everyone to prove that people were primitive and were inferior; human population could be improved genetically through scientific manipulation; -overpopulation so want to control population by sterilizing latinos and other ethnicities so they can reproduce desired ethnicities History of Race in the US ● Race is defined differently throughout history. Therefore, claims to innate or strictly biological reasons for classification are challenged. ● Reflects social construction of power= gov. ● Ex. Race categorization on the US census has changed overtime. ● Race science was once used to justify claims of superiority. Racism in education (Bad Boys and Civilize Them with a Stick) ● Bad Boys: the author argues that after segregation ended, schools still did not become places where all students could succeed; labeling african american boys as bad students; institutional racism ● Civilize them with a Stick- native american children were put into a school with nuns and their culture was stripped from them; school is a large social institution that holds the power to shape people; resocialization Court cases: ● Brown v. Board- separate but equal is NOT EQUAL; overruled Plessy, outlawed the

practice of segregation, separate=inferior ● Plessy v. Ferguson- separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites were non discriminatory, separate meant black schools received a fraction of resources as white schools ● Know these Segregation ● The physical and social separation of majority and minority groups; jim crow laws 1960s Discrimination ● Actions taken based on prejudice and stereotype Prejudice ● a set of beliefs and attitudes that cause us to negatively prejudge people based on their social location; racial profiling Ethnicity versus Race: ● Race: socially constructed categories of skin color, depends on biological distinction/assumption; human creation/doesn't really exist; foundation of identity ○ Race as a social construction: ■ Race has changed over time, categories look different in different places ■ Sociologists see race and ethnicity as how societies organize the allocation of goods and resources. ■ How certain groups receive more or less political power, economic resources and prestige. These categories "legitimize" social inequality ● Ethnicity: depends on assumption of cultural distinction Effects of racism today ● Redlining: ● Banks were deciding mortgage and interest rates by the racial population, wealth builds up over generations, after WW2 subsidized urban laws were pushing people out of their homes in urban areas and minorities were being brought in and the values of their homes were decreasing. Suburbanized america based on race. created fair housing act Immigration ● 1900s immigrants came to US cities, Teddy Roosevelt said “race suicide”- Anglo women should have more children ● Xenophobia

Work and Economy

Deindustrialization—define it, know effects, provide examples IMPORTANT ● a process of the movement of manufacturing jobs; move from cities to suburbs ○ Detroit= good example, factory jobs were offshored, shift to a service community, need a college education to get a middle-class job, need two household incomes, pink collar jobs now instead of blue color, capitalism= profit is bottom line, no regard for employee shortcomings Chicago article Time Bind (second shift) still need to the housework even while working Sweatshops ● Poor working conditions, low wages, long hours, often in poor countries Capitalism-define/explain ● a profit oriented economic system based on the private or corporate ownership of the means of production and distribution and open marker; based on the concept of meritocracy and one's own abilities; stemmed from industrial revolution. ● Pro's-- encourages competition/innovation/improvement; ● Cons-- leaves people out, requires inequality; upper class exploits lower class; profits above all else; specialized roles; Karl Marx Socialism-define/explain: ● Everyone is more equal, a non-profit based economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production, collective goals, and central planning. ● Pros= equality, no one is left out, based on cooperation. ● Cons= creates unproductivity within society Marxist theories of capitalism and exploitation—have/have nots ● he said it was inevitable that socialism would happen, then communism would

take over, the people would take control collectively Proletariat: working class Bourgeoisie---explain ● Marx said the upper class will always exploit the lower class- pursuit of profit above all else Global effects of capitalist models ● people flock to where they will profit the most ● Alienation: loss of our free productive activity ● Excessive Specialization: losing our humanity, only doing pieces of things ● Income disparity What is a corporation ● A legal person- can buy + sell, sue and be sued ● Supreme Court case decided this Workplace inequality ● Unpaid work: everything is wage labor, child care housework still works but unpaid, some work is worth more than other work- traditional men’s jobs are worth more than traditional “women’s” work Race/gender—history of work and work policies

● The Time Bind: ● discusses work and family conflict; parents want to stay at work longer to avoid the stress at home; they find leisure time at work rather than at home ● Women are both workers and mothers, paid leave is not a right or a benefit, Family Leave Act- 12 Weeks Unpaid When Work Disappears: ● there is a lack of transportation for people to get to their jobs in the suburbs, people instead get jobs in the inner cities; factory jobs moved (deindustrialization) increase in service jobs

Social Stratification ● Stratify people into “classes” in status, prestige, and power What is social class? ● modern stratification, based on economic system; grants benefits to certain groups of people and barriers for others; social position assigned at birth What is a caste: another way of creating a hierarchy of people ● All boils down to culture, “upper class culture”, Meritocracy-define it, know pros/cons. IMPORTANT, can justify capitalism using meritocracy ● If you work hard you will be better off, the idea that our individuality merits work to gain our social position; doesn’t matter how hard you work, your ascribed status affects you; some people don't have the same opportunities/ resources to obtain success ○ Pros (what is correct ab meritocracy): There is some mobility, generationally may be true, emphasis on hard work ○ Cons: difficult to jump in one individual lifespan, doesn't take privilege into account, not how society works Sociological monopoly---how it ties to theories of meritocracy ● Questions the medical model and asserts that illness/diagnosis are subjective labels based on personal and social ideas about what is normal ● Ideas about normality differ across social group and across time Nickel and Dimed—results, implications ● a journalist attempts an experiment to find out if living with only a minimum wage income is sufficient; found out that no one can survive off minimum wage without eventually compromising their health ○ She quit even though it was a cushy example Ruling Elite—c.Wright Mills ● upper class makes the rules that will only benefit them; they don't stray from their social groups; the upper class retains their position and power by negotiating the marriages of

their children to other upper class members; participating in social clubs that provide work and education connections; participating in private education and exclusive extracurricular activities Socioeconomic status and education ● The more education you have the more money you’ll make What constitutes one’s social class? 1. Power: one’s position, networks 2. Privilege: access to education, opportunities 3. Prestige: how one is viewed by others ● Wealth: total amount of person’s financial assets ● Income: amount one earns from their job(s)

Crime Strain theory: ● Merton- goal in society that not everyone can achieve, people commit crimes bc of this: explains a lot of white-collar crimes- stress to be successful- this theory doesn’t work well for a lot of violent crime Broken Windows Theory● Zimbardo- if you see a little crime it’s going to escalate to bigger crime- if the area is full of graffiti, you won’t feel as bad vandalizing as well because it doesn’t look nice- this theory results in the crack down on smaller crimes in certain areas Conflict Theory: ● people in power make the laws so they are going to make the laws in their favor- crack + cocaine example: power focused Opportunity Theory: ● Only can commit crime if you have the knowledge and. Resources to commit crime. Need to be taught. Gang activity, drug dealing, etc.- different types of neighborhoods -

Be able to define, know the author of each theory, be able to provide examples, pros/cons of each

White Collar Crime ● most goes unpunished - no public record; 50/50 chance of incarceration; embezzlement; billions of $/year in white collar crime Hate Crimes ● criminal act committed by offender motivated by bias against race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Crime and gender ● different genders commit different crimes usually Crime and Race ● Overrepresentation of black males, more likely to be arrested and be victims ● Latinos overrepresented and imprisoned 3X more than whites ● Media emphasizes “black male” crime

The Rich get Richer and the Poor Get Prison---theory and argument ● Little things working against poorer people in the legal system ● Lawyers- public defenders don’t have enough time and resources to focus on individual cases ● economic bias, uses conflict theory; criminal justice system leads to biased criminal sentences/punishments Crime and social class

Health and Illness Structural Functionalism The Sick Role: ● certain way you have to be sick, can only be sick for so long, need to be actively trying to get better Medicalization—define, examples/pros/cons KNOW ● Things get medicalized and demedicalized ○ Pros: there are now. Things we can treat medically that we couldn’t before ex. Childbirth become medicalized- less death (con: now super costly) ○ Cons: Things that aren’t medical issues that were made medical issues, creates a firm standard of what is normal- if you aren’t you need to be fixed History of hospitals Hospitals were places poor people went to die before 1870 History of western medicine acted to blame individual for illness Hospitals changed with germ theory and the civil war and physician authority grew Germ theory: accepting diseases and germs as what makes people sick, as opposed to it being an abnormality ● With knowledge about sanitation/health came increased survival rates ● Hospital changed a place to get cured ● ● ● ●

History of medical professions ● AMA and Doctors grew in power- professionalized the field History of healthcare institutions---funding---hospitals---power ● Medicare/Medicaid ● Medicare: provides health coverage if you are over 65 or if you have a disability regardless of income ● Medicaid: provides health coverage if you have a low income Health disparities---by class, race, gender, sexuality Mama Might be Better Off Dead ● follows poor black family in chicago; wasn’t treated until kidney started to fail; diseases could be prevented but aren't treated in time; the healthcare system is based on your ability to pay

Ability/Disability The Mountain---know this piece! Know the main arguments KNOW THIS ● discusses the impairment of not being able to write fast, but the disability is not being given enough time; represents the adversity we try to overcome, but fail to end up in their shadow ● Mountain is a metaphor for disability Define and explain impairment versus disability ● Impairment: a physical limitation, ex- visual impairment, physical limitation; something you can't do; a neurological, mental, or physical inability to do something ● Disability: How the social structure makes it so you can’t achieve a certain outcome, coming from something social that makes things inaccessible, how society is structured to cast certain people as not normal/how society limits access and creates barriers for people with impairments; socially constructed idea that structures make access a problem for people. ○ Ex: impairment- can’t walk, it becomes a disability when there isn’t access to get around properly Supercrip Narrative ● Everytime someone w a disability does something normal is perceived as hero like ● Reinforces superiority of non-disabled people ● Perception that disability and achievement contradict each other Hoops and Wheels ● discusses the way basketball is constructed a "real" sport and the decision to make wheelchair basketball something other than a real sport; deserves more attention to show people how society restricts humans based on physical disability Ableism ● the discrimination of non-able bodied people Wheelchair basketball ● Intersectionality ● multiple layers of marginalization, interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. Can’t think of social identities without looking at the other ones too. must look at race and gender at same time Environmental racism ● began w colonialism; taking communities for profit; corporations pollute environment, yet create jobs/resources. Pema tribe, Cancer alley in louisiana, Camden NJ, Flint MI Johnson’s What Can we Do---main arguments

● Social change/social justice/Stubborn Ounces—poem ● Master’s Tools - white feminists are using the same tactics of patriarchy to oppress women that identify with minority groups, master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house; must learn how to make our differences strengths; we have the tools for change but they will never be able to make a change fully in society; EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, MEDIA Readings: Race: ● Bad Boys ○ the author argues that after segregation ended, schools still did not become places where all students could succeed; labeling african american boys as bad students; institutional racism ○ Long term effects of being labelled a troublemaker- labeling theory ● Civilize them with a Stick ○ native american children were put into a school with nuns and their culture was stripped from them; school is a large social institution that holds the power to shape people; resocialization ○ School used to assimilate non-whites into dominant white society ● Race, Homeownership and Wealth ● The Roots of the Widening Racial Wealth Gap Work and Economy ● The Time Bind: ○ discusses work and family conflict; parents want to stay at work longer to avoid the stress at home; they find leisure time at work rather than at home ○ Women are both workers and mothers, paid leave is not a right or a benefit, Family Leave Act- 12 Weeks Unpaid ● When Work Disappears: ○ there is a lack of transportation for people to get to their jobs in the suburbs, people instead get jobs in the inner cities; factory jobs moved (deindustrialization) increase in service jobs Social Stratification ● Nickel and Dimed ○ a journalist attempts an experiment to find out if living with only a minimum wage income is sufficient; found out that no one can survive off minimum wage without eventually compromising their health ■ She quit even though it was a cushy example ● Who Rules America ○ Ruling elite, social mobility ○ Dominant class shape economy & Gov’t

Crime ● The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison ○ Little things working against poorer people in the legal system ○ Lawyers- public defenders don’t have enough time and resources to focus on individual cases ○ economic bias, uses conflict theory; criminal justice system leads to biased criminal sentences/punishments Health and Illness ● Mama Might Be Better Off Dead ○ follows poor black family in chicago; wasn’t treated until kidney started to fail; diseases could be prevented but aren't treated in time; the healthcare system is based on your ability to pay Ability and Disability ● The Mountain ○ represents the adversity we try to overcome, but fail to end up in their shadow ○ Mountain is a metaphor for disability ○ Ex. Clare’s inability to write fast (impairment) became a disability when she wasn’t given extra time (disability) to express her knowledge. Wasn’t a problem until it was made a problem. ○ Supercrip Narrative ● Hoops and Wheels ○ discusses the way basketball is constructed a "real" sport and the decision to make wheelchair basketball something other than a real sport; deserves more attention to show people how society restricts humans based on physical disability ● Solid Waste Facilities in SC ○ Environmental racism ● Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack ● What can we do? ● Master’s Tools ○ white feminists are using the same tactics of patriarchy to oppress women that identify with minority groups, master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house; must learn how to make our differences strengths; we have the tools for change but they will never be able to make a change fully in society; EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, MEDIA...