Sound Beats - physics gizmo worksheet PDF

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physics gizmo worksheet...

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Name: Christian Gennuso

Date: 7/17/21

Student Exploration: Sound Beats and Sine Waves Vocabulary: amplitude, beat, constructive interference, crest, destructive interference, frequency, hertz, sound wave, trough

Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. The picture at left shows water ripples interacting. What do you notice about the area indicated by the arrow? The area indicated by the arrow is where the two ripples interact with each other. 2. Why do you think there are no distinct ripples in the area indicated by the arrow? There are no distinct ripples because both ripples in the water interfere with each other. Both of the ripples cancel each other out. This is known as destructive interference. Gizmo Warm-up Just like ripples on the surface of water, sound waves can interact with and influence each other. You can use the Sound Beats and Sine Waves Gizmo to explore two different types of sound wave interactions. If you have headphones available, put them on now. Under Visual, turn on Sound A. Click the PLAY icon ( ) next to the Sound A slider. Listen closely to the sound. Now, click PLAY next to the Sound B slider. 1. How do the two sounds compare? They are exactly the same

2. Click the PLAY icon under the word Auditory to play Sound A and Sound B together. How does this sound differ from Sound A and Sound B when they are played alone? When Sound A and B are played alone, they have the same frequency and amplitude, so they sounded the same. When both waves were played together at the same time, they interacted with each other causing constructive interference to occur. This then produced an increased amplitude because the two sounds were added together and played at the same time..

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Activity A: Constructive interference

Get the Gizmo ready:  Make sure the Frequency for both Sound A and Sound B is set to 440 Hz.  Check that the Visual for Sound A is on.

Introduction: The sine wave shown in the Gizmo represents a sound wave. Crests, or high points, correspond to places where air molecules are pushed together in a sound wave. Troughs, or low points, correspond to places where air molecules are spread apart in a sound wave. The amplitude of the wave is the distance between a crest or trough and the rest position on the horizontal axis. Question: How do two waves with the same frequency interact? 1. Compare: A wave’s frequency is the number of waves that pass a point in a given time. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz), or waves per second. Sounds A and B currently have the same frequency. How do you think Sound B’s sine wave will compare to Sound A’s? Both Sound B’s & Sound A’s sine wave will be the same. Turn on the Visual for Sound B to check your answer.

2. Observe: Turn on the Visual for Sound A + B. What happens when these two sound waves combine? The amplitude of both of the waves gets added together because of the constructive interference. The volume of the sound should increase

3. Make a rule: In the Warm-up, you discovered that when Sound A and Sound B are played together, the volume of the combined sound increases. Make a rule that explains the relationship between a sound wave’s amplitude and its volume: The bigger the amplitude of the sound wave is, louder the volume it has. 4. Draw conclusions: Turn on the Time marker. Position the marker over a wave crest. The amplitude of each wave is given on the bottom left side of the Gizmo screen. A. What is the amplitude of Sound A? 0.9961 Sound B? 0.9961 B. What is the amplitude of Sound A + B? 1.9923 C. Complete the sentence: The amplitude of Sound A + B is equal to the sum of the amplitude of Sound A & B When the crests and troughs of one wave overlap the crests and troughs of another wave, constructive interference occurs. The result of constructive interference is a new wave

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with higher crests and deeper troughs. Thus, the new wave has a greater amplitude than the original waves.

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Get the Gizmo ready:

Activity B:

 Turn off the Visual for Sound A + B.  Set the Frequency of Sound A to 441 Hz.  Check that Sound B is set to 440 Hz. Question: How do sound waves interact when their frequencies are different? Destructive interference

1. Compare: Play Sound A. Next, play Sound B. Can you hear any difference in the two sounds? If so, describe how the two sounds are different. I could only hear a very small difference between them. I had to replay both audios a few times to make out the difference. I knew that they would sound a bit different because Sound A’s frequency is 1 Hz larger. Because of this, Sound A’s volume is a tiny bit louder. 2. Observe: Turn on the Visual for both Sound A and Sound B. Move the Time slider at the bottom of the Gizmo screen back and forth. Describe what you see. The amplitude of Sound A is larger than Sound B, and at other times the amplitude of Sound B is larger than Sound A.

3. Collect data: Move the Time slider all the way to the left. For each of the times listed in the table below, use the Time marker to record the amplitudes of Sound A and Sound B. Then, find the sum of the two amplitudes and record this number in the last column. (Note: Pay attention to negative signs.) Time (t)

Sound A amplitude

Sound B amplitude

Sound A + B amplitude

1

0.0006

0.9958

0.9961

1.9919

2

0.3000

0.9511

0

0.9511

3

0.4995

0.9829

- 0.9823

0.0006

Trial

4. Predict: Study the data you collected. What do you think Sound A and Sound B will sound like when they are played together at: Trial 1. 2.7575 Trial 2. 1.3225 Trial 3. 3.5975 I think that the volume of sound will be constantly changing throughout the times they are played together

5. Observe: Click PLAY to listen to the combined sounds. Describe what you hear: I hear the volume of the sound getting very loud at times and soft at other times

(Activity B continued on next page)

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Activity B (continued from previous page) 6. Explain: Why did the volume of the sound change over time? The volume of sound changed over time due to them having different frequencies. The volume changed because at times the waves would combine, but then they would not combine. When two waves of slightly different frequencies combine, you begin to hear variations in the volume of the sound. 7. Observe: When two waves of slightly different frequencies combine, you hear variations in the volume of the sound. The change from soft to loud is called a beat. Click PLAY to listen to the combined sounds again. How many beats did you hear? 4 beats

8. Identify: The loud part of the beat is the result of constructive interference. The soft part of the beat is the result of destructive interference, which occurs when the crest of one wave and the trough of another overlap. When destructive interference occurs, the resulting wave has a smaller amplitude than the original waves. Turn on the Visual for Sound A + B. Move the time slider all the way to the left. For each of the following times, record the amplitude of Sound A+B and determine whether constructive or destructive interference is occurring: (Choose one) 0.0050: Constructive Interference

0.5100: Deconstructive Interference

0.7550: Deconstructive Interference

2.0175: Constructive Interference

8. Make connections: Click the zoom out control (

) on the graph three times.

A. Use proper terms to identify what do you see? All the sound waves got compressed enough to clearly see how many beats there are. B. How do you think this relates to the number of beats you counted? Each beat is one green wave. There are 3 full ones and 2 halves of one, and because of that, we have 4 full beats. C. PLAY the combined sounds. How does the sound relate to the graph’s green wave? The sound follows the green wave. It gets soft when the green wave is at its smallest and it gets the loudest when the green wave is the biggest.

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Activity C:

Get the Gizmo ready:

 Make sure the Visual for Sound A + B is on.  Make sure the Frequency of Sound A is 441 Hz, and the Frequency of Sound B is 440 Hz. Question: How do the number of beats relate to the frequencies of the two sound waves? Frequencies and beats

1. Predict: Do you think you will hear more beats or fewer beats if you increase the frequency difference between sounds A and B? Explain your answer. If you increase the frequency difference between sound A and B there will be more beats. The amplitude will be changing more often, causing them to interact more. 2. Collect data: In the table below, subtract the frequency of Sound B from that of Sound A. Write this number in the third column. Turn off the Visual for Sound A and Sound B. For each set of frequencies, record the number of beats in 4 seconds. To do this, you can count the beats you hear and then check this value by counting the number of pinched-in areas of the green wave pattern on the graph. Sound A frequency (Hz)

Sound B frequency (Hz)

Frequency difference (Hz)

No. of beats in 4 seconds

No. of beats in 1 second

441

440

1

4

1

442

440

2

8

2

443

440

3

12

3

443

439

4

16

4

443

438

5

20

5

443

437

6

24

6

3. Calculate: Divide the number of beats in 4 seconds by 4 in order to find the number of beats per second. Use this figure to fill in the last column of the table.

4. Analyze: What relationship do you see between the frequency difference and number of beats in 1 second? The frequency difference equals the number of beats in 1 second.

5. Apply: Suppose a sound wave with a frequency of 444 Hz combined with a sound wave with a frequency of 436 Hz. How many beats would you hear in one second? The frequency difference of 444 Hz and 436 Hz is 8 Hz. Since frequency difference equals the number of beats in 1 second, you will hear 8 beats in one second.

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