STEEL DESIGN HAND BOOK PDF

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GORENC BRANKO RON ARUN This seventh, thoroughly updated edition of Steel Designers’ Handbook will be an invaluable tool to all TINYOU GORENC TINYOU SYAM STEEL practising structural engineers, as well as engineering students. SYAM It introduces the main concepts relating to design in steel and STEEL ...

Description

The book makes extensive use of worked numerical examples to demonstrate the methods of calculating the capacities of structural elements. These examples have been extensively revised from the previous edition, with further examples added. The worked examples are cross-referenced to the relevant clauses in AS 4100: 1998. Between them, the authors have close to 100 years’ experience of solving engineering problems. All three have practised in all phases of the design and specifications of steel structures ranging from commercial to institutional structures; while two, Arun Syam and Branko Gorenc, have served on numerous Standard Australia committees related to steel construction.

UNSW PRESS

GORENC TINYOU SYAM

GORENC TINYOU SYAM

STEEL DESIGNERS’

This seventh, thoroughly updated edition of Steel Designers’ Handbook will be an invaluable tool to all practising structural engineers, as well as engineering students. It introduces the main concepts relating to design in steel and replaces the sixth edition, published in 1996. This edition has been prepared in response to the new structural Design Actions Standard, AS/ANZ 1170, as well as feedback from users. It is based on Australian Standard (AS) 4100: 1998 and provides added background to that Standard.

HA NDB OOK

BRANKO

RON

ARUN

STEEL DESIGNERS’

HAND BOOK

7

EDITION

UNSW PRESS

7

EDITION

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STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK BRANKO E GORENC is a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers, Australia, and holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He has been practising in the field of structural steel design for four decades, gaining considerable expertise in the areas of conceptual framing design and analysis, member and connection design. He has designed and led the team of designers in a range of notable structures for bulk storage, sports facilities, wide-bodied aircraft hangars and steelframed buildings for commerce and industry.

RON TINYOU holds the Degree of Bachelor in Engineering from the University of Sydney. He is a member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia. Ron has practised mainly in structural engineering over a wide range of industrial and hydraulic structures. Subsequently he was appointed Senior Head Teacher at the Sydney Institute of Technology teaching structural engineering and as a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, specialising in steel structures. ARUN A SYAM holds Bachelor and Masters degrees in engineering from the University of Sydney, is a Corporate Member of The Institution of Engineers, Australia and has a Certificate in Arc Welding. Following his studies he was employed as a Structural Design Engineer with several engineering firms and has held all senior technical positions with the Australian Institute of Steel Construction (now Australian Steel Institute). He has significant involvement with steel design and fabrication, Standards Australia, national steel issues, industry publications/software, welder certification and lecturing on steelwork around the world. Arun has authored and edited numerous well-known steelwork publications and is currently the Executive Manager—Applications Engineering & Marketing of Smorgon Steel Tube Mills.

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STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK

BRANKO GORENC, RON TINYOU & ARUN SYAM

UNSW PRESS

7

EDITION

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A UNSW Press book Published by University of New South Wales Press Ltd University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 AUSTRALIA www.unswpress.com.au ©B.E. Gorenc, R. Tinyou and A.A. Syam 2005 First published 1970 Second edition 1973 Third edition 1976 Fourth edition 1981 Fifth edition 1984, reprinted with minor revisions 1989 Sixth edition 1996, reprinted 2001, 2004 Seventh edition 2005 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publisher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Gorenc, B. E. (Branko Edward). Steel designers’ handbook. 7th ed. Includes index. ISBN 0 86840 573 6. 1. Steel, Structural. 2. Structural design. I. Tinyou, R. (Ronald). II. Syam, Arun. III. Title. 624.1821 Design, typesetting and diagrams DiZign Pty Ltd Printer BPA Cover photographs Credits on page 413. Disclaimer All reasonable care was taken to ensure the accuracy and correct interpretation of the provisions of the relevant standards and the material presented in this publication. To the extent permitted by law, the authors, editors and publishers of this publication: (a) will not be held liable in any way, and (b) expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss, damage, costs or expenses incurred in connection with this publication by any person, whether that person is the purchaser of this publication or not. Without limitations this includes loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred if any person wholly or partially relies on any part of this publication, and loss, damage, costs and expenses incurred as a result of negligence of the authors, editors and publishers.

Warning This publication is not intended to be used without reference to, or a working knowledge of, the appropriate current Australian and Australian/New Zealand Standards, and should not be used by persons without thorough professional training in the specialised fields covered herein or persons under supervisors lacking this training.

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Contents Preface

ix

chapter 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14

Introduction Developments in steel structures Engineering design process Standards and codes of practice General structural design principles Limit states design method Combination of actions Strength limit state Serviceability limit state Other limit states Other features of AS 4100 Criteria for economical design and detailing Design aids Glossary of limit states design terms Further reading

1 1 2 4 5 5 8 9 10 11 11 11 13 13 14

chapter 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

Material & Design Requirements Steel products Physical properties of steel Steel types and grades Scope of material and design codes Material properties and characteristics in AS 4100 Strength limit state capacity reduction factor φ Brittle fracture Further reading

15 15 16 19 24 24 25 26 28

chapter 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Design Actions General Permanent actions Imposed actions Wind actions Earthquake actions Other actions Notional horizontal forces

29 29 29 32 33 35 36 37

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vi S T E E L D E S I G N E R S ’ H A N D B O O K

3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12

Temperature actions Silo loads Crane and hoist loads Design action combinations Further reading

37 38 38 38 38

chapter 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

Structural Analysis Calculation of design action effects Forms of structure vs analysis method Calculation of second-order effects Moment amplification method in detail Elastic flexural buckling load of a member Calculation of factor for unequal end moments cm Examples Summary Further reading

39 39 40 43 45 50 53 55 62 63

chapter 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13

Beams & Girders Types of members subject to bending Flexural member behaviour Bending moment capacity Beam segments and restraints Detailed design procedure Monosymmetrical I-section beams Biaxial bending and bending with axial force Web shear capacity and web stiffeners Composite steel and concrete systems Design for serviceability Design for economy Examples Further reading

64 64 66 66 68 74 84 85 86 98 99 99 100 129

chapter 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10

Compression & Beam-Column Members Types of compression members Members loaded only axially Design of beam-columns Struts in triangulated structures Battened and laced struts Composite steel and concrete columns Restraining systems for columns and beam-columns Economy in the design Examples Further reading

131 131 132 143 150 151 154 155 156 159 175

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CONTENTS

chapter 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

Tension Members Types of tension members Types of construction Evaluation of load effects Verification of member capacity End connection fasteners and detailing Steel rods Steel wire ropes Examples Further reading

176 176 177 178 179 183 186 186 189 193

chapter 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12

Connections Connection and detail design Bolted connections Design and verification of bolted connections Connected plate elements Welded connections Types of welded joints Structural design of simple welds Analysis of weld groups Design of connections as a whole Miscellaneous connections Examples Further reading

194 194 197 208 215 217 229 233 236 239 243 250 263

chapter 9 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9

Plastic Design Basic concepts Plastic analysis Member design Beams Beam-columns Deflections Portal frame analysis Examples Further reading

264 264 265 267 270 271 274 275 276 278

chapter 10 Structural Framing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mill-type buildings 10.3 Roof trusses 10.4 Portal frames 10.5 Steel frames for low-rise buildings 10.6 Purlins and girts

279 279 281 283 289 294 297

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viii S T E E L D E S I G N E R S ’ H A N D B O O K

10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13

Floor systems for industrial buildings Crane runway girders Deflection limits Fire resistance Fatigue Corrosion protection Further reading

300 302 304 306 307 318 320

Appendix A Bibliography A.1 Contents A.2 Standard and codes A.3 References A.4 Computer software A.5 Steel manufacturer/supplier websites A.6 Steel industry association websites

322 322 322 325 330 331 331

Appendix B Elastic Design Method B.1 Contents B.2 Introduction B.3 Elastic section properties B.4 Biaxial and triaxial stresses B.5 Stresses in connection elements B.6 Unsymmetrical bending B.7 Beams subject to torsion B.8 Further reading

332 332 332 333 337 339 339 340 350

Appendix C Design Aids C.1 Contents C.2 Beam formulae: Moments, shear forces & deflections C.3 Section properties & AS 4100 design section capacities C.4 Miscellaneous cross-section parameters C.5 Information on other construction materials C.6 General formulae—miscellaneous C.7 Conversion factors

352 352 353 362 382 384 387 389

Notation

394

Index

406

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Preface The seventh, thoroughly updated edition of the Steel Designers’ Handbook was prepared in response to the 1998 revision of the Australian Steel Structures Standard (AS 4100) and the latest release of the Loading Codes (previously AS 1170 and now renamed as Structural Design Actions—i.e. AS/NZS 1170). The magnitude of revisions and new terminology was such that the first three chapters of the text had to be rewritten. An additional impetus for wide-reaching revisions of the text was the three substantial amendments to AS 4100 and changes in related Standards (e.g. welding, bolting, galvanizing, etc.). Finally, the updated literature on the subject and readers’ feedback highlighted other areas for clarification or improvement. The design of steel structures by the limit states design method may be seen to be a somewhat complex subject, and a correct interpretation and application of code provisions is required for successful outcomes. This Handbook is not intended to be a self-standing ‘parallel’ steel design code. The authors recommend that readers take this text as a directory and guide, and subsequently refer to AS 4100, its Commentary and related Standards, for a full appreciation of current structural steel design requirements. This text is intended to cover enough material to enable design of everyday structural frames, members and connections. An expanded list of related Standards and an extensively re-worked bibliography is included in Appendix A. Combined with the references listed in the Standards, this should provide a rich background to various design methods and solutions. Some rearrangement of material in the sixth edition has been necessary for convenience. The elastic design method in Appendix B now contains the elastic torsion design methods that were previously found in Chapter 5 (though there is also some consideration of plastic/limit states torsion design). The material on brittle fracture was expanded and placed in Chapter 2 and the fatigue section has been expanded and placed in Chapter 10. Appendix B now covers basic working stress design theory and torsion design. A lot of effort has been expended in preparing additional numerical examples and revising others. Examples are now cross-referenced to clauses in AS 4100, other Standards, design aids and related material for easier interpretation. During the writing of this edition of the Handbook, the Building Code of Australia noted that the pre-existing AS 1170 series of Loading Standards were running in parallel with the newer AS/NZS 1170 series of Structural Design Actions (for a transition period). The effect of this has meant the following for the Handbook: • There are slightly differing load factors, suggested deflection limits (AS 1170 used Appendix B of AS 4100) and notional horizontal forces which are subsequently noted in the relevant parts of the text with additional comment. The load factor calculations utilised in the Handbook are those listed in AS/NZS 1170 • There is an interplay of the terms ‘load’ and ‘action’, and both terms are used interchangeably • AS 1170 (i.e. AS 4100) notation for design action effects and design capacities are used in lieu of AS/NZS 1170 notation.

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x STEEL DESIGNERS’ HANDBOOK

Some other notable changes and additions to the Handbook include: • A section on ‘Further reading’ placed at the end of each Chapter which lists additional references should extra detailed or background information be required • An expanded and comprehensive list of steel design and related Standards • An expanded, comprehensive and updated bibliography • A new method of referencing items listed in the bibliography (i.e. by Author(s)/ Publishers name then [year]—e.g. Gorenc & Tinyou [1984]) • Significant use/reference to other key design aids and publications (e.g. Australian Steel Institute Design Capacity Tables, etc.) for quick design calculations • Tips, shortcuts and design/fabrication economics presented where possible • Useful links and references to other Standards, websites, manufacturers and suppliers in the steel construction and related industries (no other similar hard-bound publication provides this consolidated information) • Items of conflict listed between Standards and practice • An all-encompassing summary of the Australian (and some parts of the New Zealand) steel design, specification, fabrication, etc., scene (including fire, fatigue, fabrication, etc. issues)—something not offered by other similar publications. The following points should also be noted when using the Handbook: • As is normal practice, and in line with the typical precision of data used in structural design, all calculations and worked examples are generally done to three (3) significant figures—hence there may be some very minor numerical rounding when comparing calculated or listed values with those in other references. • Linear interpolation of tables may generally be undertaken. • The worked examples are for illustrative purposes and consequently some may depart from actual detail practice (e.g. bolt threads excluded from the shear plane, use of nonstandard steel grades, etc.). • Due to the revision of the 1998 edition of AS 4100 from its 1990 predecessor, the general notation used for the ‘length’ terms has changed from L to l. In most instances, the Handbook refers to l, however, due to other references, both types of ‘length’ notation are used interchangeably. • Section, Figure and Table numbers in the Handbook are referenced with a number in the text whereas Section, Figure and Table numbers in other references (e.g. AS 4100) are duly noted with the specific reference. • Most variables for an equation or term are defined near the respective equation/term. However, due to space limitations, in some instances undefined variables are not listed (as they may be self-evident), though the reader may find the substantial ‘Notation’ section at the back of the Handbook useful should variables require defining. Based on feedback over many years, the authors believe the seventh edition should be of valuable assistance to engineering students and practising engineers alike. However, in the interests of ongoing improvement, and as noted in the previous editions, comments and suggestions from readers are always welcome. Lastly, the authors also gratefully acknowledge the support, assistance and patience provided by their families as well as Russell Watkins, Simeon Ong, Smorgon Steel Tube Mills and University of New South Wales Press in the development of this edition of the Handbook. Arun Syam dedicates his involvement to his ever-supportive father, Bijon Syam, who passed away during the final stages of the Handbook’s production. B.E. Gorenc, R. Tinyou and A.A. Syam

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chapter

1

Introduction 1.1

Developments in steel structures Early steel structures in bridges, industrial buildings, sports stadia and exhibition buildings were fully exposed. At the time no special consideration had been given to aesthetics. The form of a structure was driven by its function. Riveted connections had a certain appeal without any further treatment. As the use of steel spread into commercial, institutional and residential buildings with their traditional masonry facades, the steel structure as such was no longer a principal modelling element and became utilitarian, merely a framework of beams and columns. The role of steel started to change with the trend towards lighter envelopes, larger spans, and the growing number of sports and civic facilities in which structural steel had an undisputed advantage. Outstanding lightweight structures have been constructed in the past four decades. Structural framing exposed to full view has taken many forms, including space frames, barrel vaults, cable stayed and cable net roofs. The trend continues unabated with increasing boldness and innovation by designers. The high visibility of structural framing has brought about a need for m...