Stoichiometry - notes PDF

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Stoichiometry ____________________________________________________________ Mole ratio ●

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Formula ○ C6H12O6 ■ 12 mole hydrogen ■ 6 moles carbon ■ 6 moles oxygen Equations ○ Mole ratio= moles (coefficients) of unknown substance in BCE/ moles of the known substance in BCE

Limiting Reactant ●

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Reactant that is completely consumed in a reaction and limits the amount of product formed ○ Always refers to the reactant Reactant that produces the smallest amount of product

Reactant in excess ●

Any reactant present in larger quantities than the limiting reactant

Theoretical yield ●

quantity, usually mass, of product made when all of the limiting reactant is consumed ○ Is calculated ○ Always product

Actual yield ●

Amount of product actually produced in the reaction ○ Measured in lab ○ Always product

Percent Yield ●

Actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

Limiting reactant steps

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Balanced chemical equation Systematically calculated theoretical yield for each reactant given Reactant producing the fewest number of moles of product is limiting Limiting reactant determines the maximum amount of product formed

Solutions ● ● ● ● ●

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Solution ○ Homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances Solvent ○ Substance present in the largest amount Solute ○ Substances dissolved in a solvent Aqueous solution ○ Solution where H2O is the solvent Concentration of a solution ○ Amount of solute per given amount of solution ○ Higher concentration → more solute per given amount of solution ○ Lower concentration → less solute per given amount of solution Dilution ○ Process of lower the concentration of a solute by adding solvent ○ Amount of solute remains unchanged ○ M(Conc) * V(conc) =Moles of solute concentrated=moles of solute diluted= M(solute) * V(dilute) ○ For any dilution ■ M1V1=M2V2 ● Volume units don't matter as long as same units Molarity (M) ○ Moles of solute/ volume of solution (L)

Solution Stoichiometry

Titration ● ●

Form of solution stoichiometry Combining a sample (measured volume or mass) with a solution of known concentration or volume until stoichiometric end point is reached ○ Combine until limiting reactant is consumed

Solubility

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Extent to which a substance dissolves in a solvent (H2O) ○ Soluble ■ Soluble in water ● r >0.01M ■ Insoluble in water ●...