STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS PDF

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Almughtaribeen University College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS A graduate project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honor’s) in Civil Engineering Submitted by: A...

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS Mohammed S I D D I Q H A M A D E L Z A I N Eltahir

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Almughtaribeen University College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF TELECOMMUNICATION TOWERS A graduate project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Honor’s) in Civil Engineering

Submitted by: Amro Salaheldin Elsayed Ali [1427104] Mohammed Abuobaida Dafaalla Hamadelnil [1427066] Mohammed Siddiq Hamadelzain Eltahir [1427022] Mujahid Awadelkarim Ahmed Elfadil Ahmed [1427009] Sahar Jamal El-Faki Onsa [1427151]

Supervised by: Dr. Yousif Hummaida Ahmed Date of submission [September 2020]

‫اﻹﺳﺘﮭﻼل‬

‫ْط ۖ‬ ‫ﺳﻠَﻧَﺎ ِﺑ ْﺎﻟ َﺑ ِﯾّﻧَﺎ ِ‬ ‫ﺎس ِﺑ ْﺎﻟ ِﻘﺳ ِ‬ ‫ﺳ ْﻠﻧَﺎ ُر ُ‬ ‫وم اﻟﻧﱠ ُ‬ ‫ت َوأَﻧزَ ْﻟﻧَﺎ َﻣ َﻌ ُﮭ ُم ْاﻟ ِﻛﺗ َ‬ ‫}ﻟَﻘَ ْد أ َ ْر َ‬ ‫َﺎب َو ْاﻟ ِﻣﯾزَ انَ ِﻟ َﯾﻘُ َ‬ ‫ﺳﻠَﮫُ‬ ‫س َ‬ ‫ﺻ ُرهُ َو ُر ُ‬ ‫ﺎس َو ِﻟ َﯾ ْﻌﻠَ َم ﷲُ َﻣن َﯾﻧ ُ‬ ‫ﺷدِﯾ ٌد َو َﻣﻧَﺎﻓِ ُﻊ ِﻟﻠﻧﱠ ِ‬ ‫َوأَﻧزَ ْﻟﻧَﺎ ْاﻟ َﺣدِﯾ َد ﻓِﯾ ِﮫ َﺑﺄ ْ ٌ‬ ‫ﻋ ِز ٌ‬ ‫ﯾز{ ]اﻟﺣدﯾد‪[25:‬‬ ‫ِﺑ ْﺎﻟﻐَ ْﯾ ِ‬ ‫ي َ‬ ‫ﷲ ﻗَ ِو ﱞ‬ ‫ب ۚ ِإ ﱠن َ‬

‫‪I‬‬

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly indebted to the help and advice of our dedicated teachers and the great assistance and information. We received from numerous engineers at many companies and governmental authorities during the preparation of the project report “Design of a telecommunication tower”. We have to extend our sincerest appreciation and gratitude to our families for supporting us and believing in us. We would also like to forward our sincere thanks and gratitude to our Supervisor Dr. Yousif Hummaida Ahmed, for providing us with guidance, care, expertise and support for our project. We benefited a great deal from his experience and helpful comments and suggestions. We also owe much to engineer Kirolos Sefain Shaker from Tolan Engineering, Mr. Alnimeeri Ali Abdulrahem, Head of Project Management Department, Sudatel.

II

ABSTRACT In this thesis, a comprehensive structural analysis and design for a self-supported latticed telecommunication tower is being carried out using three different structural analysis softwares. The tower is 60 m in height with a base width of 8.55 m. The main objective of this project is to understand loads affecting telecommunication towers in the Sudan. Also, to understand structural issues that may occur to them in Sudan. This is why the data needed to complete this project has been gathered from local ministries and governmental authorities. For example, earthquake magnitude has been obtained from the Ministry of Minerals, technical specifications and conditions from Civil Aviation Authority, and Sudan’s weather data for the past 30 years has been from specialized websites. The tower is analyzed and designed using Bentley’s MStower software™ version 6.20.2.4. Specialized codes such as the American code TIA-222-G has been utilized extensively. The connections and plates are designed using several dedicated engineering and business professional’s IDEA Statica™ version 10.1.99.54266, while the foundation is designed using JSE&C’s AFES™ version 3. It has been found that Sudan doesn’t need seismic analysis because the magnitude and frequency of Earthquakes is very low. Also, from analysis and design it is recommended in the future to minimize detailing of panels and connections to the least possible number for ease of manufacturing and assembly by workmanship.

III

LIST OF FIGURES Fig 2.1: Rooftop lattice tower (www.indiamart.com)......................................................... 9 Fig 2.2: Rooftop pole tower (www.inspringco.com) ........................................................ 10 Fig 2.3: Lattice tower (www.m.db-steel-tower.com) ....................................................... 11 Fig 2.4: Guyed tower (www.exporterindia.com) .............................................................. 12 Fig 2.5: Monopole tower (www.wceng.com) ................................................................... 13 Fig 2.6: Camouflage tower (www.indiamart.com) ........................................................... 14 Fig 2.7: Self-support tower (www.glassdoor.co.in) ......................................................... 15 Fig 2.8: Mobile cell tower (www.knkx.org) ..................................................................... 16 Fig 3.1: Architectural elevation of tower .......................................................................... 30 Fig 3.2: MStower model of tower ..................................................................................... 31 Fig 3.3: Wind effects on tower at different angles............................................................ 32 Fig. 3.4: World earthquake spectral response acceleration map ....................................... 34 Fig. 3.5.1: Vertical compression member 3122 ................................................................ 47 Fig. 3.5.2: Details of member 3122 .................................................................................. 47 Fig 4.1: Failed members in panels 22 and 23 from initial design ..................................... 51 Fig. 4.2: Moment affecting tower at 45 degrees ............................................................... 53 Fig 4.3: Design check of tower ......................................................................................... 54 Fig 4.4: Sway of tower due to load ................................................................................... 54 Fig 4.5: Stress of connection at panel 22 .......................................................................... 56 Fig 4.6: Stress at connection of leg of panel 23 ................................................................ 60 Fig 4.7: Stress values at base plate.................................................................................... 63 Fig 4.8: BMD and SFD for foundation ............................................................................ 66 Fig 4.9: Moment diagram at pier (short column ) ............................................................. 67 IV

Fig 4.10: Connection details ............................................................................................. 68 Fig 4.11: Base plate details ............................................................................................... 69 Fig 4.12.1: Foundation details .......................................................................................... 70 Fig 4.12.2: Foundation details .......................................................................................... 71 Fig 4.12.3: Foundation details .......................................................................................... 72 Fig 4.12.4: Foundation details .......................................................................................... 73 Fig 4.12.5: Foundation details .......................................................................................... 74

V

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Earthquakes data in Sudan [6] ......................................................................... 19 Table 2.2: Weather data in Khartoum [6] ......................................................................... 20 Table 2.3: Weather data in PortSudan [6] ......................................................................... 22 Table 3.1: Load effects on the connection of the face at panel 22.................................... 38 Table 3.2: Bolt data of connection of the face at panel 22 ............................................... 40 Table 3.3: Load effects of connection at leg of panel 23 .................................................. 41 Table 3.4: Bolt data of connection of leg at panel 23 ....................................................... 42 Table 3.5: Load effects on base plate................................................................................ 43 Table 3.6: Load cases and combinations of foundation .................................................... 44 Table 3.7: Load combinations of foundation .................................................................... 44 Table 3.8: Load cases and combinations on reinforcement .............................................. 45 Table 4.1: Section schedule .............................................................................................. 52 Table 4.2: Checks of connection at face of panel 22 ........................................................ 55 Table 4.3: Check of gusset plate for panel 22 ................................................................... 55 Table 4.4: Material of gusset plate at panel 22 ................................................................. 56 Table 4.5: Checks of connection at leg of panel 23 .......................................................... 57 Table 4.6: Check for gusset plate at panel 23 ................................................................... 57 Table 4.7: Material of gusset plate at panel 23 ................................................................. 57 Table 4.8: Checks of bolt capacity of leg at panel 23 ....................................................... 58 Table 4.9: Bolt material at panel 23 .................................................................................. 59 Table 4.10: Bolts schedule for entire tower ...................................................................... 61 VI

Table 4.11: Summary of capacity check of base plate...................................................... 62 Table 4.12: Capacity checks of ribs at base plate ............................................................. 62 Table 4.13: Material of base plate..................................................................................... 62 Table 4.14: Plate positions and details for entire tower .................................................... 64 Table 4.15: Check for vertical reaction for foundation..................................................... 65 Table 4.16: Check for uplift reaction of foundation ......................................................... 65 Table 4.17: Check for horizontal reaction of foundation.................................................. 65 Table 4.18.1: Bolt cost estimate........................................................................................ 76 Table 4.18.2: Bolt cost estimate........................................................................................ 76 Table 4.19: Plate cost estimate.......................................................................................... 77 Table 4.20: Bar schedule of foundation ............................................................................ 77 Table 4.21: Reinforcement weight calculations................................................................ 77 Table 4.22: Reinforcement cost estimate .......................................................................... 78 Table 4.23: Concrete cost estimate ................................................................................... 78 Table 4.24: Final cost estimate of materials ..................................................................... 78

VII

LIST OF NOTATIONS φc

= resistance factor for compression.

λc

= column slenderness parameter.

Ab

= gross bolt cross-sectional area.

Ag

= gross area of member.

E

= modulus of elasticity, ksi [MPa].

Ε

= solidity ratio of the structure without appurtenances.

F

= effect of service lateral load due to fluids with welldefined pressures and maximum heights.

Fcr

= critical stress.

Fnt

= nominal tensile stress from AISC 360-16 Table J3.2.

F’y

= effective yield stress, ksi [MPa].

Fy

= specified minimum yield strength.

I

= moment of inertia of section about centroidal axis.

K

= effective length factor.

KL/r

= effective slenderness ratio.

L

= laterally unbraced length of member, in2 [mm].

Np

= pullout strength in tension of a single anchor in cracked concrete.

Pn

= nominal axial strength.

r

= governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling.

VIII

t

= thickness.

w

= width.

x

= shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section.

y

= longer overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section.

IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS ‫ اﻹﺳﺗﮭﻼل‬.................................................................................................................................. I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ VI LIST OF NOTATIONS ................................................................................................. VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1

Background .......................................................................................................... 2

1.1.1

Telecommunication industry ........................................................................ 2

1.1.2

Definition of Telecommunication Towers .................................................... 2

1.1.3

1.1.3 History of Telecommunication Towers ............................................... 2

1.1.4

Types of telecommunication towers ............................................................. 4

1.2

Significance of research ....................................................................................... 4

1.3

Aim and objectives ............................................................................................... 5

1.4

Research methodology ......................................................................................... 5

1.5

Thesis layout ........................................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Types of Telecommunication Towers ...................................................................... 8 2.2 Construction parameters ......................................................................................... 17 2.3 Structural Analysis ................................................................................................. 24 2.4 Design philosophy .................................................................................................. 25 X

CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DATA ...................................................................................... 29 3.1 Architectural drawing............................................................................................. 30 3.2 Structural analysis and design methods ................................................................. 31 3.2.1 Codes and software’s ...................................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Loads .............................................................................................................. 32 3.2.3 Design process ................................................................................................ 34 3.2.4 Manual design................................................................................................. 46 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN DETAILINGS ........................................................................................................................................... 50 4.1 Tower design results............................................................................................... 51 4.1.1 Initial design results ........................................................................................ 51 4.1.2 Connections design results ............................................................................. 54 4.1.3 Base plate design results ................................................................................. 62 4.1.4 Foundation design results ............................................................................... 64 More details regarding design can be checked in AutoCAD drawings and software design reports. .............................................................................................................. 67 4.2 Tower design detailings ......................................................................................... 67 4.2.1 Detailing of connections ................................................................................. 67 4.2.2

Detailing of base plates ............................................................................... 69

4.2.3

Detailing of foundations ............................................................................. 70

4.3 Cost estimate .......................................................................................................... 75 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................... 79 5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 80 5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 80 XI

References ......................................................................................................................... 81 Approval report ................................................................................................................. 83

XII

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Background This section includes a brief introduction into the history and definition of telecommunication towers and their different types: 1.1.1 Telecommunication industry Telecommunication engineering is an engineering discipline centered on electrical and computer engineering that seeks to support and enhance telecommunication systems. Telecommunication towers are one of many methods that are used to enhance network transmission. The need for communication between humans has been around for years, from the early days of carving on walls to sending messages by carrier pigeons, humanity has gone through many periods of evolution when it comes to telecommunications, from telegraph lines to 5G networks right now. 1.1.2 Definition of Telecommunication Towers Telecommunication towers are a combination of steel and concrete structures such as, radio masts and towers, built primarily to hold antennas for telecommuni...