Study Guide 1-3 Final - fitz PDF

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Study guide – Kottak, Chapter 3

Lizzy Weis

Chapter 3 Describe (in your own words) the following terms, including which subfield(s) the term is relevant, and the context of its use in the subfield(s). remote sensing using satellite images and above ground photos to locate specific sites or areas on the ground below. systematic survey when you gather information and perform a detailed examination on settlement patters over a large area excavation & flotation a local process used to recover tiny products called deposits from fossil site y digging and the immersion of soils samples in water in order to separate the layers of the particles form heavy to lights. anthropometry the physical measurement of human body parts to provide a nutritional status about the living people. osteology, osteometry the study of what is and was the influence of skeletal variations over time. They look into certain factors such as stature and function of the skeleton. bone biology (skeletal biology) a study revolves around studying the anatomy of a bone as a biological tissue. Focusing the bones’ genetics, cell structure, growth, development, and decay and patterns of movement. biomechanics The study of bone movement in regard to overall how the muscles, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement. paleoanthropology (human paleontology), paleopathology the study of human evolution through the examination of fossil records. haplogroup, and its relation to the Bering Strait Hypothesis a large group of related power. Attributed to Bering Strait Hypothesis in discovering that there were prehistoric genetic connections on the formations of diverse Native American haplogroups originating from East Asia.

fossils vs remains Fossils are mineralizing remains, traces or impressions of ancient life and remains are what is left after life is no longer or after an extreme period of time used to discover patters of behavior or different social units of the past. cranial & post-cranial skeleton cranial skeleton is bones in the skull consisting of thin, flat, irregular bones in the cranium vault. Post-cranial skeletons are the other bones behind the skull. What is informed consent? Why is it necessary? What are some of the risks/benefits posed for research participants in biological anthropology (including primatology) and archaeology? Means that people have agreed to participate in research after they have been fully educated on what the experiment or research is about, the nature of it, procedures and potential effects it can have on the person in agreement. This is vital because the person or parties being studied could potentially be impacted by the research. The consent ensures the participants will not be exploited by harming the safety, dignity, or privacy in any way. What are the five methods/approaches used by biological anthropologists? Name them and describe what they are/how & why they are used. Anthropometry, primatology, bone biology, molecular anthropology, and paleoanthropology. Anthropometry is the measurement of the human body parts and dimensions, It is used to discover nutritional status of living people, so in result living people as well as skeletal remain are calculated by height, and weight by using a machine called a calorimeter used to determine whether the conditions favor weight gain or loss as well as reveal the extent to which weight gain or loss reflected metabolism or eating patterns. Primatology is the observation of the members of a non-human group of any biological order or for most of the studies focus on natural settings with free-ranging apes, monkeys, or lemurs. In order to do so, primatologist must be patient with their work by establishing and developing a relationship with the animals by gradual habituation, and interactions. This enables them to obtain knowledge on habitual needs and behavior patterns of the promotes and apply this to creating conservations plans for wildlife in respect to human necessities. Bone biology is the specific studying of one tissue including genetics, cell structure, growth development, decan and patterns of movement. This allows identification of human remain, determining, causes of death and observation of variables such as stature in living and ancient populations.

Molecular anthropology uses genetic analysis to asses evolutionary links and can also be used to discover and date the origins of modern humans by examining their relation to extinct human groups.

How do forensic anthropologists reconstruct faces? Are they completely accurate? Why/why not? Can we identify “race” through skeletal remains? Why/why not? Forensic anthropologist reconstructs faces by using clay to connect their skeletal remains or use a replica od a skull making sure to mask archeological sites on the skeleton where there is a detect of injuries, nutritional deficiencies, or holes and lesions hat may have caused a disease. However, this reconstruction and or observation of skeletal remain cannot be used to determine the race of a person because people have been migrating and interbreeding DNA. What is relative dating? What methods of relative dating does your book detail? How does it differ from absolute dating? Relative dating is a technique that establishes a time frame of a fossil by comparing its layers of sediment to another without determining and “absolute” age because that would be the job of absolute dating. The method of relative dating that the author mentions is that of the stratigraphic placement technique which examines ways in which the early sediments accumulate in layers to discover relative data of fossils but also describes the methods of fluorine absolution technique. Also: principle of superposition-what is it, and what is the exception to it? Principle of superposition sates that in an undisturbed sequence or strata, the oldest layer is on the bottom and gets younger as they approach the top. strata & stratigraphy-what are they, and what can they tell us about the age of fossils/remains? Stratigraphy is the cultural and natural materials that make up a particular site. Anthropologists use t to examine the ways in which earth sediments are deposited by looking at the specific layers called strata, which are what establish the relative time order of those materials that were discovered during the dig. How can you tell older fossils/remains from newer fossils/remains using only stratigraphy (and the principle of superposition)? Since it is revealed through the excavation that in the undisturbed sequence of strata, the older of a deposit is at the bottom, each later that is covering the next is younger. Artifacts and fossils from lower strata are older than the ones on top.

What is absolute dating? What methods of relative dating does your book detail? Are we able to identify precise dates (i.e., mm.dd.yyyy) when a structure was built, or an organism lived/died? Why/why not? Absolute dating is a technique that is used to establish the specific age of date, and effective time range of a fossil. That is what helps us to discover the precise data numbers. Different ranges of techniques were created due to the various specimen timelines. For example, we can obtain precise dates by the measurement of radioactive decay and gibes the information traced back to time origin or reheating rock and measuring escaping gas as well as uranium series dating, thermoluminescence, electron spin resonance dating and tree ring dating also known as dendrochronology. These techniques allow us to know when a structure was bud or an organism lived or dies because once we obtain date for materials such as wood or rocks, we can also know the time frame. Who was the Piltdown Man? How was he exposed as a fraud? The Piltdown man was considered an ancestor who attempted to muddle the interpretation of the fossil record. He was exposed at the discovery of the jaw of a young orangutan attached to a homo sapiens skull showed the association to be false because fluorine analysis roved it to be impossible that they had some from the same place and same time. What does your instructor mean in lecture when she refers to “sexy time windows”? How might sexy time windows have encouraged something like the Piltdown Man hoax?

molecular anthropology (including the placenta study) Uses genetic analysis to assess evolutionary links and can also be used to discover and date the origins of modern humans by examining their relation to extinct human groups. The placenta study was an example of this because that compared mothers within cultures who consumes their placenta at birth because those who did not and discovered the consumption neither significantly improves nor impairs postpartum maternal ion status which was important in recognizing iron deficiency and foe knowing whether or not the encapsulated placenta is the only iron pregnant woman can receive. What are modes of locomotion (knuckle-walkers, bipedalism, brachiation), and how are they relevant to primatology and paleoanthropology/human evolution? Modes of locomotion refers to how a primate moves from one location to another. One of the biggest differences discovered between early apes and surviving apes was the locomotion. Modern apes were found to be using various odes od locomotion including brachiation, which was hand over hand swinging from branches, and knuckle walking when they would tuck their fingers under their hands and walk on the back of their intermediate phalanges. The other mode was bipedalism, which is upright walking, which only humans or tur “bipeds” can do. This is important for various types of

anthropology including primatology and paleoanthropology because it helps with observations of what mode of locomotion is most beneficial in regard to habitat and development of bone structure. What are two methods used by archaeologists? Name them and describe what they are/how & why they are used. Systematic surveying and excavation. Systematic surveying is what prides regional prospect and does so by gathering information revolved around settlement patterns in a large area, walking over the entire survey area and recording location and size of all sites Excavation is when scientist recover remains by digging through cultural and natural stratigraphy which allows for major contribution to research. What is a settlement pattern? This refers to the distribution of sites within a particular region. How are sites “mapped”? By forms of small hand-help high tech tools at excavation sites, where photos, maps, drawing, and measurements are recorded. What are several reasons why we can’t just dig up everything we want to? For very obvious reasons such as historically preserves areas, other main reason is because of fossil records, excavation sites, and there is not plausible reason to do so. How can remote sensing (aerial/satellite images) reveal information about a potential archaeological site? Allows anthropologists to work with geologist and observe antient footpaths, roads, canals, and irrigation systems, but to also discover patters of sites of deforestation or flooding. They are able to do this by identifying through the images where regions of severe damage. What does the phrase “good real estate remains good real estate” mean, relative to archaeology and paleoanthropology?...