Study Guide History Psychology Module 1 PDF

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This was just notes that I did that could potentially help student study, they can add more or keep it as is....

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Learning Module 1 History -

historical roots as distinct from modern developments Philosophical in character Principles methods were speculation. Intuition, and generalization

Historiography - The principles, methods, and philosophical issues of historical research. Modern psychology -

Paradox= psychology is both a 2,500 year old discipline traced to 5th century B.C speculated about human nature and behavior Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle wrestled with issues covering psychology classes Discipline began 200 years ago formed when it emerged from philosophy and 19th century science

Personalistic theory - The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals. Naturalistic theory - The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others. Contextual forces on the development of psychology -

Jews precluded from assuming academic positions Women denied Ph.Ds they had earned African American denied graduate study

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Wundt= he bought together the various of philosophical and scientific lines to found psychology Psychology was shaped in his vision

The text refers to some special events and constraints on the development of modern psychology, such as economic opportunities; war; and prejudice against women, racial, or religious groups. Zeitgeist - The intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times. School of thought - The first school of thought, structuralism, was advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost immediately, other theories began to emerge and vie for dominance in psychology.

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Paradigm ● -

The concept of "paradigm" Way if thinking and acting upon the world The majority of scientist in a field agree on theories and methods

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New paradigm A new way of thinking and acting upon the world Contains new concepts, tools, instruments, techniques, and even tells which problem and data are relevant New particular theories Paradigm shift New paradigm (New theories, techniques etc) Anomalous findings are understood using concepts from new paradigm

Kuhn’s stages of scientific development - Phase 1: Pre-science., Phase 2: Normal Science. (most common – science is usually stable), Phase 3: Crisis, Phase 4: Revolution. MECHANISM -

Mechanism (zeitgeist)= Application to the unverse, humans, automata, reductionist. Determinism . Ex:Babbage calculating engine

Psychological mechanisms are the processes and systems, or activities and entities, frequently appealed to in causal explanations within the psychological sciences. POSITIVISM -

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Middle of the 19 century Focus only on facts that are objectively observable From comte (1798-1857)=not dependent on unobservable forces or religious beliefs Led to belief that only knowledge derived from science is valid One of the philosophical foundation of Psychology philosophical system that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism. - a humanistic religious system founded on positivism. - another term for logical positivism. ● B. the theory that laws are to be understood as social rules, valid because they are enacted by authority or derive logically from existing decisions, and that ideal or moral considerations (e.g., that a rule is unjust) should not limit the scope or operation of the law.

CONTIGUITY - Theory of contiguity, psychological theory of learning which emphasizes that the only condition necessary for the association of stimuli and responses is that there be a close temporal relationship between them. ● the sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind. - "contiguity is necessary in all forms of learning"

DESCARTES -

1596-1660 French mathematitian and philosopher Wanted to use science to solve practical problems

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Mind body problem=movement away from abstract "soul" and movement towards scientific study of mind and mental processes Since body is matter, physical laws much apply

JAMES MILL -

1773- 1836 Mind is a Machine Kind passively response to external stimuli No "free will" Mind cannot be creative

PHYSIOLOGY - Physiology is the study of animal (including human) function and can be investigated at the level of cells, tissues, organ systems and the whole body. The underlying goal is to explain the fundamental mechanisms that operate in a living organism and how they interact. ● The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. - the way in which a living organism or bodily part functions. "the physiology of the brain"

GERMAN APPROACH TO SCIENCE - Most scientists agree that German is inside Germany still the most important scientific language in the humanities, the social sciences, in law and economics – and even internationally used in philosophy PSYCHOPHYSICS - the branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena

Maskelyne - Nevil Maskelyne was the fifth British Astronomer Royal. He held the office from 1765 to 1811. He was the first person to scientifically measure the mass of the planet Earth

Fritsch & Hitzig - In 1870, Eduard Hitzig and Gustav Fritsch performed experiments on dogs by which they were able to produce movement through electrical stimulation of specific parts of the cerebral cortex. ... The unpredictable outcome of this interest was the discovery of the electrical excitability of the cortex. Helmholtz -

1821-1894 - German scientist Discovered the speed of the nerve impulse. He used frog experiment Showed that there was a measure time delay during which the nervous system is operating Thought and movement are not simultaneous

He is best known for his statement of the law of the conservation of energy. He brought to his laboratory research the ability to analyze the philosophical assumptions on which much of 19th-century science was based, and he did so

with clarity and precision Learning Module 2 Wundt -Wundt was the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline. He established the first laboratory, edited the first journal, and began experimental psychology as a science. The areas he investigated—sensation and perception, attention, feeling, reaction time, and association—became basic chapters in textbooks yet to be written. That so much of the history of psychology after Wundt came to be characterized by opposition to his view of psychology does not detract from his stature or achievement as its founder. The new psychology - New psychology was a movement of the late 19th century which turned psychology into a science instead of a philosophy and focused on mental structures and the way they're organized in the mind, especially hierarchies of mental processes. ... Wilhelm Wundt formed the first experimental psychology lab in the 19th century voluntarism -The idea that the mind has the capacity to organize mental contents into higher-level thought processes. The Elements of Consciousness Titchener posed three essential problems for psychology: 1. Reduce conscious processes to their simplest components. 2. Determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated. 3. Connect the elements with their physiological conditions. -Elements of Conscious Experience= Having defined the subject matter and methodology for his new science of psychology, Wundt outlined his goals. He wanted to: • Analyze conscious processes into their basic elements. • Discover how these elements are synthesized or organized. • Determine the laws of connection governing the organization of the elements. -Sensations Wundt suggested that sensations were one of two elementary forms of experience. Sensations are aroused whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulses reach the brain. Sensations can be classified by intensity, duration, and sense modality. Wundt recognized no fundamental difference between sensations and images because images are also associated with excitation of the cerebral cortex. -Feelings are the other elementary form of experience. Sensations and feelings

are simultaneous aspects of immediate experience. Feelings are the subjective complements of sensations but do not arise directly from a sense organ. Sensations are accompanied by certain feeling qualities; when sensations combine to form a more complex state, a feeling quality will result. introspection -Titchener’s form of introspection, or self-observation, relied on observers who were rigorously trained to describe the elements of their conscious state rather than reporting the stimulus by its familiar name. Titchener realized that everyone learns to describe experience in terms of the stimulus—such as calling a red, shiny, and round object an apple—and that in everyday life this is beneficial and necessary. In his psychology laboratory, however, this practice had to be unlearned. - Introspection (internal perception)= Trained observers who "observe" their thoughts and then report on them. 1) must be aware of the beginning of the experiment " the start of the stimulus" . 2) must be mentally prepared. 3) Observation has to be repeated many times. 4) must be able to vary the stimulus "independent variable"

Titchener -Titchener 1867-1927 he was an English= student of Wundt. Associated with structuralism. Focused on analysis of mental elements (breaking down conscious experience)

structuralism - Wundt= synthesis of mental elements - Titchener 1867-1927 he was an English= student of Wundt. Associated with

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structuralism. Focused on analysis of mental elements (breaking down conscious experience) Taught mostly in U.S (Cornell) started speed of Psychology in the U.S Conscious experience is dependent upon the person experiencing it= variation of mentalism All science depends upon observation. physics relies on inspection. Psychology relies on introspection The basic problem of Psychology= analyze, synthesize, and explain consciousness Basic science, not applied= psychologists should not care about practical applications. Psychology should not cure sick minds Minds= sum of our experiences accumulated over a lifetime Consciousness= metal processes occurring at the moment

(definition: criticisms: main methods: main goals: )

Stimulus error -Confusing the mental process understudy with the stimulus or object being observed.

- Describe the stimulus using labels or familiar names instead of describing the simple elements Experience independent of the experiencing person / Experience-dependent on the experiencing person -pg.91 All human knowledge is derived from human experience; there is no other source of knowledge. But human experience, as we have seen, maybe considered from different points of view. Suppose that we take two points of view, as far as possible apart, and discover for ourselves what the experience looks like in the two cases. -First, we will regard experience as altogether independent of any particular person; we will assume that it goes on whether or not anyone is there to have it. Secondly, we will regard experience as altogether dependent upon the particular person; we will assume that it goes on only when someone is there to have it. We shall hardly find standpoints more diverse. What are the differences in experience, as viewed from them? Take, to begin with, the three things that you first learn about in physics: space, time, and mass. Physical space, which is the space of geometry and astronomy and geology, is constant, always and everywhere the same. Its unit is the centimeter, and the centimeter has precisely the same value wherever and whenever it is applied. Physical time is similarly constant, and its constant unit is the second. Physical mass is constant; its unit, the gram, is always and everywhere the same. Here we have experience of space, time, and mass considered as independent of the person who experiences them. Criticisms of introspection -

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In Wundt’s time= introspection alters the experience it tries to measure. Cannot divide the mind into two parts: the observer and the observed. Little agreement amongst introspectionists. It is known to be impossible to do two things at one time In Ticheners time= subjects in the same lab often failed to reach an agreement. Different labs produced different results. All introspection is really retrospection. Introspection can not be used to probe the unconscious mind....