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STUDY GUIDE EXAM ONE Sapir-Whorf thesis: people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language (Chapter 2) Different Types of culture and who belongs to them (Chapter 2) High Culture cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite Popular culture cultural patterns that are widespread among a society’s population. Subculture cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society’s population. Pe o pl ewhor i de c ho ppe rmo t o r c yc l e s ,pe o pl ewhob ui l dt he i rl i v e sa r o undyo g a ,Oh i oSt a t ef o o t b a l lf a ns ,t hes o ut he r n Ca l i f o r ni ab e a c hc r o wd ,El vi si mpe r s o na t o r s ,a ndwi l d e r ne s sc a mpe r sa l ld i s pl a ys ub c ul t ur a lpa t t e r ns . Counterculture cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society. Multiculturalism a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions. Culture as a restraint meaning (Chapter 2) Because culture is largely a matter of habit, we repeat many negative patterns of behavior in each new generation. Who established Sociology as a field of study in universities? (Chapter 1) Auguste Compte 3 basic theories Structural Functional/ conflict/ symbolic interaction (who all about them) so you can define and pick out examples of them (Chapter 1) Structural functional theory – The structural-functional approach is a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Society is made up of interlocking systems. Macro-view. Conflict or social conflict theory: The social-conflict approach is a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change. Society is made up of power structures. Macro-view. 3. Symbolic interaction theory: A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. Society is made up of shared meanings. Micro-level. Sociologists definition of symbols: anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture. A word, a whistle, a wall covered with graffiti, a flashing red light, a raised fist (Chapter 2) Difference between material and non-material cultural and examples of each (Chapter 2) nonmaterial culture: the ideas created by members of a society, ideas that range from art to Zen. material culture: the physical things created by members of a society, everything from apple pie to zippers. Definition /difference between/examples of concepts, variables and measurement (Chapter 1) Concepts: A mental construct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form. example-label aspects of social life, including “the family” and “the economy,” and to categorize people in terms of their “gender” or “social class.”

Variables: A concept whose value changes from case to case. example-“height,” for example, has a value that varies from person to person. The concept “social class” can describe people’s social standing using the values “upper class,” “middle class,” “working class,” or “lower class.” Measurement: A procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case. a. Statistical measures: Sociologists use descriptive statistics to state the “average” for a large population. b. Operationalize variables: specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable. Before measuring the concept of “social class,” for example, you would have to decide exactly what you were going to measure—say, income level, years of schooling, or occupational prestige. Definition and examples of cultural shock, cultural lag (Chapter 2) Cultural shock personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. Cultural lag the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system. Fo re xa mpl e ,i nawo r l di nwhi c hi ti spo s s i b l ef o rawo ma nt ogi veb i r t ht oac hi l db yus i ng a no t he rwo ma n’ se g g ,whi c hh a sb e e nf e r t i l i z e di nal a b o r a t o r ywi t ht hes pe r mo fat o t a ls t r a ng e r ,h o w a r ewet oa p pl yt r a d i t i o na li d e a sa b o utmo t he r ho o da ndf a t he r ho o d? Definition and examples of manifest and latent functions (Chapter 1) Manifest functions -the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern Latent functions -the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern. Know what positivism is: (Chapter 1) A scientific approach to knowledge based on positive facts as opposed to mere speculation (Comte) Know Comte’s three stages of society (Chapter 1) 1. Theological stage –from the beginning of human history up to the end of the European Middle Ages about 1350 c.e., people took the religious view that society expressed God’s will. 2. Metaphysical stage- With the dawn of the Renaissance in the fifteenth century, Comte explained, the theological stage gave way to a metaphysical stage in which people came to see society as a natural rather than a supernatural phenomenon. 3. Scientific stage- began with the work of early scientists such as the Polish astronomer Copernicus (1473–1543), the Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo (1564–1642), and the English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton (1642–1727). Comte’s contribution came in applying the scientific approach—first used to study the physical world—to the study of society. Definition, difference between, examples of folkways and mores (Chapter 2) Mores: norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. Certain mores include taboos, such as our society’s insistence that adults not engage in sexual relations with children. mores distinguish between right and wrong

Folkways: norms for routine or casual interaction. Examples include ideas about appropriate greetings and proper dress. folkways draw a line between right and rude Know what objectivity is and examples of it (Chapter 1) personal neutrality in conducting research. Ideally, objective research allows the facts to speak for themselves and not be influenced by the personal values and biases of the researcher. Definition and examples of cultural universals, cultural transmission and cultural relativism (Chapter 2) Cultural universals are traits that are part of every known culture. Example the family, funeral rites and jokes. Cultural transmission is the process by which one generation passes culture to the next. Cultural relativism is the practice of judging a culture by its own standards . Definition and examples and difference between reliability and validity (Chapter 1) Reliability: consistency in measurement Validity: actually, measuring exactly what you intend to measure What is the Hawthorn Effect the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed. Know the difference between and examples of the I and the Me in Meads theory of self (Chapter 3) The “I” is the self as subject, being active and spontaneous The “me” is the self as object, the way we imagine others see us. Know the importance or moral of the story in the case of Anna (Chapter 3) What stage anticipatory socialization occurs (Chapter 3) pe o pl ea r ei nflue nc e db yp e e rg r o upst he ywo ul dl i k et oj o i n,apr o c e s ss o c i o l o gi s t s e ar ni ngt ha the l psaper s ona c hi e veade s i r edpos i t i on. c a l lanticipatory socialization,l I ns c ho o l ,f o re xa mpl e ,yo ungpe o pl ema yc o pyt hes t y l e sa nds l a ngo fagr o upt he yh o pewi l la c c e pt t he m.La t e ri nl i f e ,ay o ungl a wye rwhoh o pe st ob e c o meapa r t ne ri nt hel a w fir m ma yc o nf o r mt ot he a t t i t ud e sa ndb e ha vi o ro ft hefir m’ spa r t ne r si no r d e rt ob ea c c e p t e d . Know all about Freud’s “ego” (Chapter 3) The id, (Latin for “it”) represents the human being’s basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction. The ego, (Latin for “I”), which is a person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society The superego, (Latin for “above or beyond the ego”) is the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual. The superego operates as our conscience, telling us why we cannot have everything we want.

Know where self-concept is first formed (Chapter 3) the self is not there at birth; it develops, the self develops only with social experience

Know the difference between Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theory on how we were socialized (Chapter 3) Lawrence Kohlberg(Moral development) only focused on male and generalised. Carol Gilligan(The gender factor) focused on both genders. Know the purpose of total institutions(Chapter 3) a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff. involves being confined—usually against their will— in prisons or mental hospitals. Purpose-resocialization Know when role exits predominately occur (Chapter 3) Play: involves assuming roles modeled on significant others, people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization. Know how the mass media can effect socialization (Chapter 3) Mass media transmits information in a single direction from a centralized source to a larger audience, with no way of interaction. Know what schools transmit in society (Chapter 3) Schooling enlarges children’s social world to include people with backgrounds different from their own. Be able to list Piagets stages of socialization and the ages at which they occur. (Chapter 3) The sensorimotor stage, the level of human development in which individuals experience the world only through sensory contact. Ages 0-2 The preoperational stage, the level of human development in which individuals first use language and other symbols. Ages 2-6 The concrete operational stage, the level of development at which individuals first perceive causal connections in their surroundings. Ages 7-11 The formal operational stage, the level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically. Ages 12-up

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** This is only a study GUIDE, it is not necessarily all inclusive of what will be on the exam or in what capacity. **...