Superpowers bookley PDF

Preview

Summary

superpowers ...

Description

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Unit 3: Contested Planet

Topic 4: Superpower Geographies Revision Materials Teacher: Miss Doherty

1 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Name _______________

2 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

These work booklets are designed to assist you with your revision for the Unit 3 exam. You should bring these to every lesson with me up until the exam. You will work on these independently in lessons and at home and I will be there to answer any questions or to mark responses to exam questions. You may also choose to work on the activities in your textbook and revision guide. If you complete any of these essay and would like them marking please ask. When you hand the responses in please note on them if they are from the textbook or the revision guide and the page number. You must also go through all the past papers and practice as many as possible. It is a good idea to look through the examiner reports also as there are some model answers available.

In addition to your textbook, u may also want to consult the following resources in the library.  Byrne et al Edexcel A2 Geography (2009)  Dunn et al Edexcel A2 Geography (2009) Also a copy in the library.  Miller and Warn Emerging Superpowers: India and China (2010)

Good Luck!! Miss Doherty

3 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Superpower Geographies – Self Evaluation personalised check list Yes Key Question

I can...

Define the terms superpower and emerging superpowers.

Suggest criteria that can be used to identify superpowers.

1 Who are the superpowers and how does their power develop over time?

Describe geographical patterns of superpower influence.

Explain shifting power patterns over time with reference to the USA, British Empire and USSR. Use theoretical frameworks to explore the relationship between superpowers and the rest of the world.

4 | Page

Not sure

No Evidence

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Key Question

Yes I can...

Explain the role of colonial rule.

Assess the mechanisms of neocolonialism control, debt and aid. List the members of key international organisations.

2 What impacts and influences do Describe how superpowers international have? organisations produce power. Explain patterns in global trade and trade influences power and wealth.

Critically examine the concept of a global culture and the reaction against it.

5 | Page

Not sure

No Evidence

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Key Question

I can... Examine the resource implications of continued growth among the emerging powers versus the benefits of reducing poverty.

3 What are the implications of the continued rise of the superpowers?

Outline the economic and political impact of shifting power on the exiting powers of the EU and the USA. Examine the relationship between the emerging powers and the developing world. Assess the costs and benefits of the emerging powers for the developing world. Examine the potential for cultural conflict as ‘east meets west’ in the future.

6 | Page

Yes

Not sure

No

Evidence

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Topic 4 Superpower Geographies Glossary Key Term

Page Definition

Aid

Any help that is given, for example: financial, personnel, loans, equipment and skills.

Bipolar structure

A pattern where there are two opposing forces; in this case, the USA and USSR as superpowers.

BRICS

Brazil, Russia, India and China: often seen as the emerging superpowers.

Capitalism

An economic system for the generation of goods and services based on private enterprise. Most of the resources/means of production are owned by a relatively small number of individuals or companies. Workers convert their labour for wages.

Cold War

The name given to the period of heightened tensions and competition between the USA and USSR and their allies between 1945 and the early 1990s.

Commodity Trading Exchanges

A commodities exchange is an exchange where various commodities and derivatives products are traded. Most commodity markets across the world trade in agricultural products and other raw materials and contracts based on them.

Communism

A form of political development that envisages equality among people and a classless society. It is a type of revolutionary socialism based on the common ownership of the means of production and a shared economy. Each person should work according to his/her capacity.

Cultural Imperialism

Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting and imposing a culture, usually that of a politically powerful nation, over a less powerful society

Debt

The money owed by one country to another.

Democracy

A form of political development in which the government is elected by the people in free elections.

Dependency Theory

Countries become more dependent over time as more powerful, frequently colonial powers push them into a state of underdevelopment.

Disparity

Disparity is the condition of being unequal, and a disparity is a noticeable difference. Disparity usually refers to a difference that is unfair: economic disparities exist among ethnic groups, there is a disparity between what men and women earn in the same job.

Electronic Colonialism

This theory is about the impact on the mind of repeated mass media messages, including commercials, on audiences around the world. Just as earlier colonial institutions, like Great Britain, sought out soil anywhere in the world for colonies, now multimedia giants seek to capture the attention of millions of viewers, readers, or listeners. They all seek to influence, not by force of arms, but by packaging media to attract large audiences for advertisers around the globe.

7 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Glasnost

(In the former Soviet Union) the policy or practice of more open consultative government and wider dissemination of information, initiated by leader Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.

Ideology

A system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Kondratieff Cycles

A long-term (approximately 50 year) fluctuation in the world economic system. Also known as long waves. Each cycle heralds the rise of new technologies, major infrastructural investments, changes in the international location of industry and technological change.

Modernisation Theory

Modernization theory is used to explain the process of modernization within societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that with assistance, "traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have been.

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

Privatisation

Privatization is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector.

Rising Superpowers

Countries or groups of countries experiencing an increase in economic, military, cultural and geographical influence. Currently, Brazil, Russia, India and China.

Socialism

A movement to establish a classless society by substituting public ownership for private ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange.

Superpower

A nation or group of nations that has a leading position in international politics.

Tariff

A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.

United Nations

The global association governments enabling cooperation in terms of international law, security, economic development and social equity.

World Systems Analysis

Treats the whole world as a single unit and divides the countries into a core (largely MEDCs), the periphery (LEDCs) and the semi-periphery (where social change and class struggles are taking place).

8 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Superpower Geographies Review What is a superpower? (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Fill in the Blanks. (9) In 1945, there were three superpowers - _________, ____________ and _______ . By 1980 this had decreased to ___________ and _________ . Politically, the __________ promoted communism and the economy was state controlled. In contrast, the ___________ was a democracy and had a free-market (capitalist) approach. By 2009, the world can be described as __________ as only one superpower, ______ remains. Who are the emerging superpowers? (6) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What does BRIC stand for? (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the spectrum of how superpowers can maintain their power? (6) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9 | Page

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

What is the difference between a uni-polar, a bi-polar and a multi-polar world? Support with examples. (6) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… When did the British Empire begin to decline? Why? (4) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Explain how the collapse of the USSR as a superpower was different to the decline of the British Empire. (4) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Define the term hegemony. (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How has the USA maintained its status as the world’s superpower? (4) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What are the 3 main theories used to explain superpower existence? (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10 | P a g e

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Why are China and India emerging as superpowers? Mention both similarities and differences. (6) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Define the term neo-colonialism. (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why did neo-colonialism develop? (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Suggest 3 organisations that are involved in international decision making. (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Define the term cultural imperialism (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How has the spread of culture helped countries gain/maintain superpower status? (5) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

11 | P a g e

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Define the term bipolar world (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why might some commentators say that China is a new version of a colonial power? (4) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why is Russia important to the EU? (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Define the term ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction’. (1) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The growth of new superpowers has implications for the rest of the world. List 3 positive consequences. (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The growth of new superpowers has implications for the rest of the world. List 3 negative consequences. (3) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

12 | P a g e

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

Name: The G8 Description:

Name: Davos Group Description:

Impact:

Impact:

Who are the Superpower Players? Inter-governmental Organisations (IGOs) Name: The UN General Assembly Description:

Name: The UN Security Council Description:

Impact:

Impact:

Name: NATO Description: Impact:

13 | P a g e

Unit 3 – Superpower Geographies

The Fall of a Superpower: The USSR Define the term ‘communism’ A theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs. Key Information Summary Population Size 293 million (Jul 1991)

Resources In 1989, the USSR was the world leader in the production of oil, iron ore, manganese, and asbestos. It had the world's largest proven reserves of natural gas, and it was rapidly catching up to the United States in the production of it. It had enormous coal reserves and is in second place in coal production.

Physical Size and Neighbours

Military Strength

22.4 million km² The Soviet Union abutted twelve countries, six on each continent. In Asia it had neighbours (from east to west) in; the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), China, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkey In Europe it bordered (from south to north); Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Norway Except for the icy eighty-six kilometres of the Bering Strait, it would have had a thirteenth land-frontier neighbour: the United States of America.

The Soviet military consisted of five armed services - in their official order of importance; the Strategic Rocket Forces (established in 1959), Ground Forces, Air Forces, Air Defence Forces (separate service from 1949) and the Naval Forces. Throughout the Cold War (1945–91), Western intelligence estimates calculated that the Soviet strength remained ca. 2.8 million to ca. 5.3 million men. To maintain said strength range, Soviet law minimally required a three-year military service obligation from every able man of military age, until 1967, when the Ground Forces reduced it to a two-year draft obligation.

Economic Power

Dominant Belief System

GDP - $820 billion in 1977, $1.212 trillion in 1980, $1.57 trillion in 1982, $2.2 trillion in 1985, $2.6595 trillion (1989 est.) Labour force - 152.3 million (1989 est.) 80% in industry and other non-agricultural sectors; 20% in agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989 est.)

At the time of the 1917 Revolution, the Russian Orthodox Church was deeply integrated into the autocratic state. The USSR became the first state to have, as an ideological objective, the elimination of religion and its replacement with universal atheism.

Political Power (including IGOs)

Cultural Influence

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990, when the Congress of People's Deputies modified the article of the constitution which granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system.

Some countries in the Third World had pro-Soviet governments during the Cold War. Countries, mostly located in Eastern Europe, received some aid, either military or economic, from the Soviet Union, and were influenced by it to varying degrees. Sometimes, their support for the Soviet Union eventually...