SURVEY OF ENGLISH AND AMERICAN LITERATURE PDF

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Periods of British Literature450-1066: Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period1066-1500: Middle English Period 1500-1660: The Renaissance 1558-1603: Elizabethan Age1603-1625: Jacobean Age 1625-1649: Caroline Age 1649-1660: Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785: The Neoclassical Period16...

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Periods of British Literature 450-1066: Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500: Middle English Period 1500-1660: The Renaissance 1558-1603: Elizabethan Age 1603-1625: Jacobean Age 1625-1649: Caroline Age 1649-1660: Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785: The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700: The Restoration 1700-1745: The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785: The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830: The Romantic Period 1832-1901: The Victorian Period 1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914: The Edwardian Period 1910-1936: The Georgian Period 1914-1945: The Modern Period 1945-present: Postmodern Period The Old English Period or the Anglo-Saxon Period refers to the literature produced from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. During the Old English Period, written literature began to develop from oral tradition, and in the eighth century poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon (also known as Old English) appeared. One of the most well-known eighth century Old English pieces of literature is Beowulf, a great Germanic epic poem. Two poets of the Old English Period who wrote on biblical and religious themes were Caedmon and Cynewulf. The Middle English Period consists of the literature produced in the four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and about 1500, when the standard literary language, derived from the dialect of the London area, became recognizable as "modern English." The

most widely known of these writings are Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur. The English Literary Renaissance began with English humanists such as Sir Thomas More and Sir Thomas Wyatt and consists of four subsets: The Elizabethan Age, the Jacobean Age, the Caroline Age, and the Commonwealth Period (which is also known as the Puritan Interregnum). The Elizabethan Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Elizabeth I, 1558 - 1603. During this time, medieval tradition was blended with Renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were the major styles of literature that flowered during the Elizabethan Age. Some important writers of the Elizabethan Age include William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Ben Jonson. The Jacobean Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of James I, 1603 - 1625. During this time the literature became sophisticated, somber, and conscious of social abuse and rivalry. The Jacobean Age produced rich prose and drama as well as the King James translation of the Bible. Shakespeare and Jonson wrote during the Jacobean Age, as well as John Donne, Francis Bacon, and Thomas Middleton. The Caroline Age of English Literature coincides with the reign of Charles I, 1625 - 1649. The writers of this age wrote with refinement and elegance. This era produced a circle of poets known as the "Cavalier Poets" and the dramatists of this age were the last to write in the Elizabethan tradition. The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum, of English Literature includes the literature produced during the time of Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell. This period produced the political writings of John Milton, Thomas Hobbes' political treatise Leviathan, and the prose of Andrew Marvell. In September of 1642, the Puritans closed theatres on moral and religious grounds. For the next eighteen years the theaters remained closed, accounting for the lack of drama produced during this time period. The Neoclassical Period of English literature (1660 - 1785) can be divided into three subsets: the Restoration, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Sensibility. The literature of this time is known for its use of philosophy, reason, skepticism, wit, and refinement. The Neoclassical Period also marks the first great age of English literary criticism. The Restoration, 1660 - 1700, is marked by the restoration of the monarchy and the triumph of reason and tolerance over religious and political passion. The Restoration produced an abundance of prose and poetry and the distinctive comedy of manners known as Restoration comedy. It was during the Restoration that John Milton published Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Other major writers of the era include John Dryden, John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and John Locke. The English Augustan Age derives its name from the brilliant literary period of Vergil and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - A.D. 14). In English literature, the Augustan Age, 1700 - 1745, refers to literature with the predominant characteristics of refinement, clarity, elegance, and balance of judgment. Well-known writers of the Augustan Age include Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, and Daniel Defoe. A significant contribution of this time period included

the release of the first English novels by Defoe, and the "novel of character," Pamela, by Samuel Richardson in 1740. During the Age of Sensibility, literature reflected the worldview of Enlightenment and began to emphasize instict and feeling, rather than judgment and restraint. A growing sympathy for the Middle Ages during the Age of Sensibility sparked an interest in medieval ballads and folk literature. Another name for this period is the Age of Johnson because the dominant authors of this period were Samuel Johnson and his literary and intellectual circle. This period also produced some of the greatest early novels of the English language, including Richardson's Clarissa (1748) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749). The Romantic Period of English literature began in the late 18th century and lasted until approximately 1832. In general, Romantic literature can be characterized by its personal nature, its strong use of feeling, its abundant use of symbolism, and its exploration of nature and the supernatural. In addition, the writings of the Romantics were considered innovative based on their belief that literature should be spontaneous, imaginative, personal, and free. The Romantic Period produced a wealth of authors including Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Jane Austen, and Lord Byron. It was during the Romantic Period that Gothic literature was born. Traits of Gothic literature are dark and gloomy settings and characters and situations that are fantastic, grotesque, wild, savage, mysterious, and often melodramatic. Two of the most famous Gothic novelists are Anne Radcliffe and Mary Shelley. The Victorian Period of English literature began with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne in 1837, and lasted until her death in 1901. Because the Victorian Period of English literature spans over six decades, the year 1870 is often used to divide the era into "early Victorian" and "late Victorian." In general, Victorian literature deals with the issues and problems of the day. Some contemporary issues that the Victorians dealt with include the social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems surrounding the Industrial Revolution, growing class tensions, the early feminist movement, pressures toward political and social reform, and the impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution on philosophy and religion. Some of the most recognized authors of the Victorian era include Alfred Lord Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, her husband Robert, Matthew Arnold, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Thomas Hardy. Within the Victorian Period, two other literary movements, that of The Pre-Raphaelites (18481860) and the movement of Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1900), gained prominence. In 1848, a group of English artists, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti, formed the "Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood." It was the aim of this group to return painting to a style of truthfulness, simplicity, and religious devotion that had reigned prior to Raphael and the high Italian Renaissance. Rossetti and his literary circle, which included his sister Christina, incorporated these ideals into their literature, and the result was that of the literary Pre-Raphaelites. The Aestheticism and Decadence movement of English literature grew out of the French movement of the same name. The authors of this movement encouraged experimentation and held the view that art is totally opposed "natural" norms of morality. This style of literature opposed the dominance of scientific thinking and defied the hostility of society to any art that was not useful or did not teach moral values. It was from the movement of Aestheticism and

Decadence that the phrase art for art's sake emerged. A well-known author of the English Aestheticism and Decadence movement is Oscar Wilde. The Edwardian Period is named for King Edward VII and spans the time from Queen Victoria's death (1901) to the beginning of World War I (1914). During this time, the British Empire was at its height and the wealthy lived lives of materialistic luxury. However, four fifths of the English population lived in squalor. The writings of the Edwardian Period reflect and comment on these social conditions. For example, writers such as George Bernard Shaw and H.G. Wells attacked social injustice and the selfishness of the upper classes. Other writers of the time include William Butler Yeats, Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling, Henry James, and E.M. Forster. The Georgian Period refers to the period of British Literature that is named for the reign of George V (1910-36). Many writers of the Edwardian Period continued to write during the Georgian Period. This era also produced a group of poets known as the Georgian poets. These writers, now regarded as minor poets, were published in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Georgian poetry tends to focus on rural subject matter and is traditional in technique and form. The Modern Period applies to British literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914. The authors of the Modern Period have experimented with subject matter, form, and style and have produced achievements in all literary genres. Poets of the period include Yeats, T.S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney. Novelists include James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, and Virginia Woolf. Dramatists include Noel Coward and Samuel Beckett. Following World War II (1939-1945), the Postmodern Period of British Literature developed. Post modernism blends literary genres and styles and attempts to break free of modernist forms.

British Literary Timeline I.

The Old English/Anglo-Saxon Period (Years: 449-1066) A. Themes/Influences: 1. strong belief in fate 2. juxtaposition of church and pagan worlds 3. admiration of heroic warriors who prevail in battle 4. express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature B. Style/Genre/Literary Elements: 1. oral tradition of literature 2. poetry dominant genre 3. unique verse form 4. caesura 5. alliteration 6. repetition 7. fourbeat rhythm C. Effect Literature Had on Culture: 1. Christianity helps literacy to spread 2. introduces Roman alphabet to Britain 3. oral tradition helps unite diverse peoples and their myths D. Historical Context: 1. life centered around ancestral tribes or clans that ruled themselves 2. at first the people were warriors from invading outlying areas: Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Danes 3. later they were agricultural E. A Sampling of Key Literature & Authors:  Beowulf  The Venerable Bede  Exeter Book II. II. The Middle English Period (Medieval Period)-Years: @1066-1485 A. Themes/Content/Influences: 1. plays that instruct the illiterate masses in morals and religion 2. chivalric code of honor/romances 3. religious devotion B. Typical

III.

IV.

Genres/Literary Elements Used: 1. oral tradition continues 2. folk ballads 3. mystery and miracle plays 4. morality plays 5. tock epithets 6. kennings 7. frame stories 8. moral tales C. Effect Literature Had on the Culture: 1. church instructs its people through the morality and miracle plays 2. an illiterate population is able to hear and see the literature D. Historical Context: 1. Crusades bring the development of a money economy for the first time in Britain 2. trading increases dramatically as a result of the Crusades 3. William the Conqueror crowned king in 1066 4. Henry III crowned king in 1154 brings a judicial system, royal courts, juries, and chivalry to Britain E. A Sampling of Key Literature & Authors:  Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl  Domesday Book L’Morte de Arthur  Geoffrey Chaucer III. The Renaissance (Years: 1485-1660)  The Elizabethan Period: the reign of Elizabeth I, 1586-1603  Jacobean Period: he reign of James I of England, 1603-1625 A. Themes/ Content/Influences: 1. world view shifts from religion and after life to one stressing the human life on earth 2. popular theme: development of human potential 3. popular theme: many aspects of love explored 4. unrequited love 5. constant love 6. timeless love 7. courtly love 8. love subject to change B. Style/Genres: 1. poetry 2. the sonnet 3. metaphysical poetry 4. elaborate and unexpected metaphors called conceits 5. drama 6. written in verse 7. supported by royalty 8. tragedies, comedies, histories C. Effects Literature Had on the Culture: 1. commoners welcomed at some play productions (like ones at the Globe) while conservatives try to close the theaters on grounds that they promote brazen behaviors 2. not all middle-class embrace the metaphysical poets and their abstract conceits D. Historical Context: 1. War of Roses ends in 1485 and political stability arrives 2. Printing press helps stabilize English as a language and allows more people to read a variety of literature 3. Economy changes from farm-based to one of international trade E. A Sampling of Key Literature & Authors:  William Shakespeare  Thomas Wyatt  Ben Jonson  Cavalier Poets  Metaphysical Poets  John Donne  Christopher Marlowe  Andrew Marvell  Robert Herrick  Katherine Phillips IV. The Neoclassical Period (Years: 1660-1798)  The Restoration: the reign of Charles II, 1630 - 1660 (after his restoration to the thrown in 1630 following the English Civil War and Cromwell)  The Age of Enlightenment (the Eighteenth Century) A. Themes/Content/Influences: 1. emphasis on reason and logic 2. stresses harmony, stability, wisdom 3. Locke: a social contract exists between the government and the people. The government governs guaranteeing “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property B. Style/Genres: 1. satire 2. poetry 3. essays 4. letters, diaries, biographies 5. novels C. Effects: 1. emphasis on the individual 2. belief that humanity is basically evil 3. approach to life: “the world as it should be” D. Historical Context: 1. 50% of males are functionally literate (a dramatic rise) 2. Fenced enclosures of land cause demise of traditional village life 3. Factories begin to spring up as industrial revolution begins 4. Impoverished masses begin to grow as farming life declines and factories build 5. Coffee houses—where educated men spend evenings with literary and political associates E. A Sampling of Key Literature & Authors:  Alexander Pope  Daniel Defoe  Jonathan Swift  Samuel Johnson  John Bunyan  John Milton.

V.

V. The Romantic Period (Years: 1798 – 1832 ) A. Content/Themes/Influences: 1. human knowledge consists of impressions and ideas formed in the individual’s mind 2. introduction of Gothic elements and terror/horror stories and novels 3. in nature one can find comfort and peace that the man-made urbanized towns and factory environments cannot offer B. Style/Genres: 1. poetry 2. lyrical ballads C. Effects Literature Had on the Culture: 1. evil attributed to society not to human nature 2. human beings are basically good 3. movement of protest: a desire for personal freedom 4. children seen as hapless victims of poverty and exploitation D. Historical Context: 1. Napoleon rises to power in France and opposes England militarily and economically 2. gas lamps developed 3. Tory philosophy that government should NOT interfere with private enterprise 4. middle class gains representation in the British parliament 5. railroads begin to run E. Key Literature/Authors: 1. Novelists : Jane Austen and Mary Shelley 2. Poets 1) Robert Burns 2) William Blake 3) William Wordsworth 4) Samuel Taylor Coleridge 5) Lord Byron 6) Percy Shelley 7) John Keats VI. VI.The Victorian Period –(Years: 1832-1900 ) A. Themes/Content/Influences: 1. conflict between those in power and the common masses of laborers and the poor 2. shocking life of sweatshops and urban poor is highlighted in literature to insist on reform 3. country versus city life 4. sexual discretion (or lack of it) 5. strained coincidences 6. romantic triangles 7. heroines in physical danger 8. aristocratic villains 9. misdirected letters 10. bigamous marriages B. Genres/Styles: 1. novel becomes popular for first time; mass produced for the first time 2. bildungsroman 3. political novels 4. detective novels (Sherlock Holmes) 5. serialized novels (Charles Dickens) 6. elegies 7. poetry: easier to understand 8. dramatic monologues 9. drama: comedies of manners 10. magazines offer stories to the masses C. Effects on the Culture: 1. literature begins to reach the masses D. Historical Context: 1. paper becomes cheap; magazines and novels cheap to mass produce 2. unprecedented growth of industry and business in Britain unparalleled dominance of nations, economies and trade abroad E. Key Literature/Authors:  Charles Dickens  Thomas Hardy  Rudyard Kipling  Robert Louis Stevenson  George Eliot  Oscar Wilde  Alfred Lord Tennyson  Charles Darwin  Charlotte Bronte  Robert Browning VII. VI. The Modern Period: (Years: 1900-(subject to debate) A. Content(still evolving): 1. Dystopia/utopia 2. Freedom/protests/anti-government sentiment 3. Racial tensions 4. Technology 5. Politics—democracies/global challenges 6. Interconnectedness B. Genres/Styles:  poetry: free verse  epiphanies begin to appear in literature  speeches  memoirs  novels  stream of consciousness C. Effects: D. Historical Context: 1. British Empire loses 1 million soldiers to World War I 2. Winston Churchill leads Britain through WW II, and the Germans bomb England directly 3. British colonies demand independence E. A Sampling of Key Literature and Authors:  James Joyce  Virginia Woolf  T. S. Eliot  Joseph Conrad  D.H. Lawrence  Graham Greene  Dylan Thomas Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period (450–1066)

The term Anglo-Saxon comes from two Germanic tribes: the Angles and the Saxons. This period of literature dates back to their invasion (along with the Jutes) of Celtic England circa 450. The era ends in 1066 when Norman France, under William, conquered England. 01:11 A Brief Overview of World War I Much of the first half of this period—prior to the seventh century, at least—had oral literature. A lot of the prose during this time was a translation of something else or otherwise legal, medical, or religious in nature; however, some works, such as Beowulf and those by period poets Caedmon and Cynewulf, are important. Middle English Period (1066–1500) The Middle English period sees a huge transition in the language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in what we can recognize today as a form of “modern” (recognizable) English. The era extends to around 1500. As with the Old English period, much of the Middle English writings were religious in nature; however, from about 1350 onward, secular literature began to rise. This period is home to the likes of Chaucer, Thomas Malory, and Robert Henryson. Notable works include "Piers Plowman" and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight." The Renaissance (1500–1660) Recently, critics and literary historians have begun to call this the “Early Modern” period, but here we retain the historically familiar term “Renaissance.” This period is often subdivided into four parts, including the Elizabethan Age (1558–1603), the Jacobean Age (1603–1625), the Caroline Age (1625–1649), and the Commonwealth Period (1649–1660). The Elizabethan Age was the golden age of English drama. Some of its noteworthy figures include Christopher Marlow...