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“Taylorism”: Scientific Management The Progressive Era

 Reduced each occupation to a series of precise movements that could easily be taught and endlessly repeated.  Time and motion managed scientifically.  The traditional workplace converted into one governed by “rules, laws, and formulae.”  Corporations used stopwatches and social workers to stretch each machine and worker to full capacity. Industrial Workers: The Struggle to Unionize Just as there was a formation of a wealthy industrial class who, though competitors in one sense, were connected through interconnecting boards, stock ownership, and ideology, the working class (as a class) was a forming; though divided by race, ethnicity, religion, region, and skill level, were increasingly connected through their working conditions.

1836: Lowell Factory Girls Association 1866: National Labor Union (William H. Sylvia) Industrial Workers: The Struggle to Unionize

1869: The Knights of Labor  Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the Knights grew dramatically.  Membership open to all who “toiled”  By 1886 there were about 700,000 members.  8-hour day  abolition of child labor  replacing competitive capitalism and wage earning with a new cooperative system.  A significant victory in 1885 against wage cuts on a Gould railroad.

 A significant loss in 1886, again on a Gould railroad, discredited the union.  By 1890 membership had dropped to 100,000

1881: American Federation of Labor  Led for decades by Samuel Gompers  Goal was to organize craft (skilled) workers.  Accepted competitive capitalism, but aimed to gain a greater share of the profits for workers.  8 hour day campaign “eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will”  1886: 50,000 members  1924: 3 million members

1905: Industrial Workers of the World  One Big Union  “An injury to one is an injury to all”  abolition of capitalism and wage labor  advocate for workplace democracy  William D. (“Big Bill”) Haywood; Mother Mary Harris Jones (“Mother Jones”); Eugene V. Debs original organizers.  About 40,000 members at their peak in 1923, but high turnover of membership throughout its existence. 1900: International Ladies Garment Worker’s Union (ILGWU)  Participated in the “Uprising of 20,000” in 1909  Led “The Great Revolt” in 1910, a strike of about

60,000 garment workers Workers believed because they had worked in the mill, they had mixed their labor with the property in the mill.“ They believed that in some way the property had become theirs. Not that it wasn't Andrew Carnegie's, not that they were the sole proprietors of the mill, but that they had an entitlement in the mill. And I think in a fundamental way the conflict at Homestead in 1892 was about these two conflicting views of property. -Historian Paul Krause Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, and eight hours for what we will.

The Struggle for Leisure  Tin Pan Alley  Phonographs  Radio  Nickelodeons  Movies  Sports The Progressive Era  Henry George: Progress and Poverty, (1879); in the 1886 election in New York City, George received 70,000 votes.  Edward Bellamy: Looking Backwards, (1888).  William James  John Dewey  Lester Frank Ward & Richard T. Ely

The Progressive Era The Muckrakers

 Crusading journalists (print and photography) who began to expose the dark underbelly of the new economic order.  Presented social problems with indignation and moral fervor.

 Ida Tarbell: her study of Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Trust exposed unfair business practices.  Lincoln Steffens: The Shame of the Cities, 1906  Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, 1906 (though written to convey the harsh working conditions of meatpackers, it impacted mainly consumers of meat; brought about the Pure Food and Drug Act  Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lived  Lewis Hines: photographed the working conditions of factory workers, particularly children The Progressive Era The Social Gospel

 Blending of religion and reform.  Outrage at social and economic injustice helped produce many reformers committed to the pursuit of what came to be known as “social justice”

A small number of very rich men have been able to lay upon the masses of the poor a yoke little better than slavery itself -Father John A. Ryan

 Walter Rauschenbusch, Baptist minister in Brooklyn: Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907), and Christianizing the Social Order, (1912)  Argued that the real message of Darwinism was that all individuals should work to ensure a humanitarian evolution of the social fabric.  1900: Salvation Army has 3,000 officers and 20,000 privates The Progressive Movement(s): Settlement Houses  Settlement houses became one-stop social welfare, education, and cultural institutions.

 Located in the center of tenement areas, they provided English lessons for immigrants, child care and parenting classes, cooking classes, lobbying instruments, and medical services. The Progressive Era Settlement Houses  Progressives believed that ignorance, poverty, and criminality were the effect of environment (not inherent genetic failings).  Therefore, improving the conditions in which people lived would elevate the distressed.  The crowding and filth of the tenement districts needed to be remedied.

Hull House, established in 1889 The Progressive Era The Moral Crusade  Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents  Supporters were largely from the rural south and west  The church affiliated Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union helped push the 18th Amendment through

 Political corruption tackled as well.  Cartoonist Thomas Nast relentlessly went after William “Boss” Tweed in New York City.

 Reform movement that advocated major aesthetic improvements to urban areas in order to produce civic virtue and social harmony.  Parks, housing, roads, sewers, libraries, mass transportation. The Progressive Era The Conservation Movement  The Audubon Society, 1905  The Sierra Club, 1892 (founded by John Muir)  Yellowstone Park, 1872 (the first National Park)

The Progressive Era Feminism and the New women

 By 1900, there were more than 80,000 college-educated women in the United States.  It is at this time that the work “feminism” enters the political vocabulary.  Isadora Duncan  The Birth-Control Movement  The Suffrage Movement

 Emma Goldman  Margaret Sanger (“What Every Girl Should Know,” The Call 1911  Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Women and Economics and The Yellow Wallpaper)  Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, (National Women’s Party)  Theodore Roosevelt, 1901 – 1909 (The Square Deal)  Howard Taft, 1909 – 1913  Woodrow Wilson, 1913 – 1921 (The New Freedom) Wilson’s platform called for an attack on the “triple wall of privilege,” tariffs, banks, and trusts. The Progressive Era Outcomes  1883: Pendleton Civil Service Act  1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act  16th Amendment (Progressive Federal Income Tax)  17th Amendment (Direct Election of Senators)  19th Amendment (Granting women the right to vote)  Creation of the Federal Reserve System  1872 Yellowstone National Park

 Child Labor Laws (e.g. Keating-Owen Act, 1916: prohibited interstate commerce of products made by children).  Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”  Housing Regulations (Tenement Laws 1867, 1879, 1901)...