Tejeros Convention: Primary vs. Secondary Sources PDF

Preview

Summary

Name : Ma. Francel A. Cartujano Subject: SS 110 Course and Section : BSBIO 1-A Date Submitted: March 26, 2021Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)Primary Source The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata ÁlvarezSecondary Source The Revolt of the Masse...

Description

Name: Ma. Francel A. Cartujano Course and Section: BSBIO 1-A

Subject: SS 110 Date Submitted: March 26, 2021

Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)

Author’s background

When was the account written? Mention of Date (s)

Primary Source The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata Álvarez • Santiago V. Alvarez was born in Imus, Cavite on July 25, 1872 and the only child of Revolutionary General Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata. • He is also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” or “General Apoy” • One of the soldiers of the revolutionary and Philippine independence military • He was a member of the Katipunan secret society and remained in the Magdiwang faction together with Andres Bonifacio • Captain general of the military rebel forces of Cavite • Founder and honorary President of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party • The account was written in the year 1927 There were only two (2) specific dates mentioned in the account: • March 25, 1897: The assembly at Tejeros Convened • March 27,1897: The morning when eyewitnesses reported that a meeting among the members of the Magdalo took place at the Tanza parish house

Secondary Source The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of Discontent”by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo • Teodoro A. Agoncillo was born in Lemery, Batangas on November 9, 1912 • He was considered one of the most important historians of the Philippines • He was included in the roster of the Order of National Scientists in 1985 for his contributions in Philippine History • He is a graduate of Philosophy and Arts • a poet, a writer, an editor, a linguistic assistant, a Chairperson of the Department of History, and a professor in many universities • One of the first Filipino historians who earned renown for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history (nationalist historiography) • October 1947 to January 1948 • It was published in 1956 • Early part of November- Governor General Blanco has begun his offensive in Cavite; the capital was moved to San Francisco de Malabon and later to Naik • middle of December 1896: Andres Bonifacio and his family left the mountains of Montalban and Mariquina to visit the Katipunan in Cavite. • January 2, 1897: Bonifacio wrote a letter to Mariano Alvarez after his encounter with the Magdalo in Imus. • January 1897: Riffle shots interrupted the fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon which led to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano San Gabriel.

Mention of Place

• Friar estate house in Tejeros(San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite) – where the assembly convened – Where Magdalo Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo, called another meeting after the day of the convention (March 26, 1897) • Parish house of the Catholic church in Tanza(Santa Cruz de Malabon) – where that same night of the assembly, rumor had it that Messrs. Mariano Trias. Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo and others were conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca. – where the rumored meeting between Magdalo leaders took place the same night the day after the assembly – held a gathering wherein those elected at the Tejeros convention (Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricarte) took their oath of office.

• March 22, 1897: Emilio Aguinaldo celebrated his birthday with a battle with a battled with Spanish soldiers in Salitran. At the same time, the assembly at Tejeros convened • April 1897: Spaniards captured the town of Malabon • Cavite – successfully rose in revolt • Batangas – town that was under the Magdalo government • Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – towns which belonged to the Magdiwang government • Noveleta – the capital of Magdiwang since its organization; where Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels • San Francisco de Malabon – where the capital of Magdiwang was transferred after Noveleta after General Blanco began his offense • Naik – where the capital of Magdiwang was transferred after San Francisco de Malabon • Kawit – Magdalo's capital before it fell • Imus, San Francisco de Malabon, Naik and Maragondon – successively became the capitals of Magdalo after they fell in Kawit • Mountains of Montalban and Mariquina – a delegate was sent to look for Supremo as it is where he has been staying • Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona, and Edilberto Evangelista met Supremo and his family after his arrival in Cavite • House of Juan Castañeda in Imus – where Bonifacio was brought by the rebel leaders of Magdalo • House of Santos Nocon – where Bonifacio was accomodated upon arriving at Malaboon • House of Mrs. Estefania Potente – where Bonifacio stayed after being quartered at the house of Santos Nocon until the Spaniards capture the town in April 1897

Key Personalities

• Supremo Andres Bonifacio – was elected as the Secretary of the Interior during the assembly • Emilio Aguinaldo – elected as the President and won over Mr. Andres Bonifacio • Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras – He signed the invitation meetings and presided over the assembly • General Apoy(Santiago V. Alvarez himself) • General Artemio Ricarte – was appointed by Supremo as Secretary during the election • Mr. Daniel Tirona – Broke the meeting rules and insulted Supremo Bonifacio; objected that the position of Secretary of the Interior should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma

• San Francisco de Malabon – where riffle shots from Captain San Gabriel’s men interrupted the town fiesta, which led to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano San Gabriel. • Estate house of Friars in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon – a Magdiwang territory; it is where the convention took place • Towns of Kawit, Bakood and Imus – under the governance of the Magdalo was at that time threatened by the Spanishh army • Salitran – a barrio between the town of Imus and Dasmariñas; where General Emilio Aguinaldo, leading the Magdalo soldiers faced the Spaniards • Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon – it was this place where the former summer resort of the friars, that witnessed the first important election held under the auspices of the Katipunan government. • Laguna – where Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote a letter to about what happened during the convention, is staying Magdiwang Government Administration: • Mariano Alvarez – President • Pascual Alvarez – Executive Secretary • Emiliano Riego de Dios – Minister of the Interior (Pagpapaunlad); elected as as the Director of War during the Convention • Mariano Trias – Minister of Grace and Justice; elected as the Vice President during the Convention • Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War • Santiago Alvarez – Comander-inChief • Diego Moxica - Minister of Finance • Artemio Ricarte – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General; elected as the Captain General during the Convention

• Mr. Diego Mojica – the Magdiwang secretary of the Treasury; he warned the Supremo Bonifacio that many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves. • Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice president position over Mr. Mariano Alvarez and the Supremo Bonifacio • General Vibora – was elected Captain over General Apoy • Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was elected Secretary of War, over Messrs. Santiago V. Alvarez, Ariston Villanueva, and Daniel Tirona • Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer who Daniel Tirona suggested to replace Supremo Bonifacio in his elected position • Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the Magdalo President • Mr. Severino de las Alas – witness during the oath-taking ceremony • Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who officiated the oath-taking ceremony of the elected officials: Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricart • Mr. Antonio Montenegro • Mariano M. Alvarez • Pascual Alvarez • Ariston Villanueva • Santos Nocon • Luciano San Miguel • Pablo Mojica • Santiago Rillo • Cayetano Topacio • Nicolas Portilla

• Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General • Supremo Andres Bonifacio – elected as the Director of Interior during the Convention • Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang member; the assembly’s presiding officer • Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang member who acted as the secretary of the assembly • Severino de las Alas – a Magdiwang, took the floor and suggested that the convention assembled should solve the problem of whether a new government should be established to take the place of the Katipunan

• • •

• • •

• • • •

Magdalo Government Administration: Baldomero Aguinaldo – President Candido Tirona - Minister of War Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-inChief; lead the Magdalo soldiers facing the Spaniards in Salitran; won the Presidency in absentia over Bonifacio and Trias during the Convention Cayetano Topacio - Minister of Finance Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant General Vito Belarmino – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General Daniel Tirona – he objected when Bonifacio was proclaimed as the Director of the Interior Antonio Montenegro – had an argument with Santiago Alvarez Jose del Rosario - the lawyer who Daniel Tirona suggested to replace Bonifacio in his elected position

• Esteban San Juan – invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta • Captain Mariano San Gabriel – a Magdiwang man, whose men fired riffle shots during the town fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon and caused chaos. • Emilio Jacinto – Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote letter to about after the event/assembly • Vicente Fernandez • Governor General Blanco Sequencing of events

1. It started with the assembly at Tejeros on March 25, 1897, and was presided by Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras. 2. Jacinto Lumbreras announced the main topic of discussion: to discuss how to secure the areas under the Magdiwang control, but this was countered by Severino de las Alas who imposed that the important matter should be tackled - the form of the government the Katipunan should have. 3. There was a debate whether to change the state of government the Katipunan had established or not. 4. Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's stand. He argued that if they would disagree on the kind of revolutionary government they were to have, then they would be no better than a pack of bandits or wild, mindless animals. 5. A conflict between General Apoy and Antonio Montenegro, as General Apoy ordered the arrest of Mr. Montenegro. Because of this, disorder occupied the assembly.Conflict was immediately resolved and Jacinto Lumbreras, the presider of the meeting, yielded the chairmanship to Supremo Andres Bonifacio. 6. Bonifacio accepted and spoke before the election began stressing that the person who gets most of the votes must be declared and respected as the winner, regardless of his state in life.

1. It started by stating that the Katipunan in Cavite were divided into two factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo. 2. The Magdiwang, proceeding with its election independently of the Magdalo, chose the following men to administer the government. The Magdalo also elected people to take the reins of its government. 3. Both factions agreed to make respective officers wear the same uniform for specific positions. 4. The Katipunan called for the reorganization of their territories under each Katipunan faction. However, the Magdiwang and Magdalo had been silently fighting over Cavite, both parties not wanting to be ruled over by the other. 5. The Magdiwang men invited Supremo Andres Bonifacio to visit Cavite and intervene with the rising conflict. 6. There were three invitations sent to Bonifacio, and only on the third invitation did he approve the request. 7. Bonifacio arrived at Imus and was welcomed by Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tiron and Edilberto Evangelista of the Magdalo faction 8. The Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s gestures as if he was acting superior. 9. Bonifacio was then brought to the house of Juan Castañeda in Imus, where he was visited by the many from the Magdalo faction.

7. Bonifacio proceeded with the election and appointed Gen. Artemio Ricarte as Secretary. Then, with the help of Mr. Daniel Tirona, he distributed pieces of paper to serve as ballots. 8. When the ballots had been collected and the votes were ready to be canvassed, Mr. Diego Mojica, the Magdiwang secretary of the treasury, warned the Supremo about the manipulations in the ballot. 9. The elected officials were announced. Bonifacio was elected as the Secretary of the Interior over Mariano Alvarez, which Mr. Daniel Tirona protested, saying that Bonifacio should not be in that position because he lacks the proper credentials; this humiliated Bonifacio. 10. Bonifacio, hot and angry, pulled out his revolver and aimed. Instead of replying, Mr. Tirona, perhaps because of fear, slid away and got lost in the crowd. 11. The meeting was adjourned, and Bonifacio declared the election be nulled and void. 12. Baldomero Aguinaldo convinced members of the Magdiwang to reconvene the disrupted meeting to revalidate the election proceedings and make amends with one another. 13. That same night of the Tejeros Convention, rumor had it that Mariano Trias, Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo, and others were in the parish house of the Catholic Church at Tanza and that they were conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca. 14. The next day, Magdalo Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo, called a meeting at the same friar estate house in Tejeros. 15. The Magdalo members did not come to the reconciliation meeting. 16. That same night of the supposed meeting, it was rumored that the Magdalo leaders were currently

10. Seeing Vicente Fernandez angered Bonifacio and ordered his immediate arrest. The Magdalo, however, did not allow the arrest of Fernandez. 11. Realizing that he has no influence over the people of Magdalo, Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano Alvarez, explaining to him what happened at this encounter. 12. Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta. He was heartily welcomed by the people with a parade as he entered the cities. 13. Katipunan lost to Polavieja because of the existing rivalry between the two factions, which called for a convention in Imus. This assembly, however, yielded no results as there were no agreements made as to what kind of government they must be organized in the country and if there is a need for a new election. 14. Suspicious and jealousies continued to plague the rebels' ranks and even among the members of the same faction. Thus, San Francisco de Malbon's town fiesta held in January 1897 was disrupted by the riffle shots from the men of Captain Mariano San Gabriel, a Magdiwang man. This led to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano San Gabriel. 15. The Magdiwang leaders called for another convention in the estate-house of Tejeros, which happened on March 22, 1897. 16. It was also Aquinaldo's birthday, when simultaneously the battle in Salitran led by Aguinaldo raged and the assembly convened in Tejeros. 17. Jacinto Lumbreras took the Chairmanship of the meeting and opened the discussion about creating defense strategies to protect Cavite. 18. Severino de las Alas pointed out that the Katipunan needs to agree on what type of government must be implemented first before proceeding with the other agenda.

holding their own meeting in the parish house in Tanza. 17. The following day, 27 March 1897, eyewitnesses who had spied on the proceeding the other night revealed that a meeting had taken place at the Tanza parish house and that the Supremo's decisions regarding the election at the friar estate house were not respected. 18. At the gathering in the Tanza parish house, those elected at the Tejeros convention knelt before a crucifix. 19. The officials elected during the Tejeros Convention (Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte) solemnly took their office without those elected from the Magdiwang. The Magdalo posted troops to guard the Tanza parish house for their oath-taking ceremonies.

Differences between 2 accounts

• •

19. There was a debate whether to change the form of government the Katipunan has established or not. Sensing that the situation was getting more out of hand without a fruitful result 20. Tension aroused when Santiago Alvarez took his anger on Antonio Montenegro. Because of this, Lumbreras called for the meeting's recess. 21. The assembly resumed after an hour with Lumbreras transferring the chairmanship of the meeting to Andres Bonifacio. 22. Bonifacio granted the petition for a new form of government, stressing that the majority's decision must always be respected. An election was held to select the new officials who will govern the recently instituted Republic of the Philippines. Bonifacio remarked whoever gets most of the votes must be declared and respected as the winner, regardless of his state in life. 23. A conflict between Andres Bonifacio and Daniel Tirona was formed after Bonifacio won the Director of Interior position 24. Bonifacio angrily whipped out his pistol to fire at Tirona, but Ricarte grabbed his hand and prevented what might have been a tragic affair. 25. As people try to leave, Bonifacio declared the results of the meeting null and void, which ended the Tejeros Convention. 26. Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano Alvarez expressing his despair for not getting the Presidency which, for him, must be given to him as the initiator of the revolution. He also shared his sentiments with his friend, Emilio Jacinto. General Observations General Observations The account was written by an • Agoncillo's Seeds of Discontent was eyewitness who personally comprehensive since it started with a experienced the event. detailed account of events before and beyond the convention to further It mainly focused on the election and supply and understand the sentiments the delegation of the officials.

•

•

•

• •

• • • • • •

• • •

It was a detailed narration of the exchange of different views between each faction and how the election was conducted. Contains dialogues between the people involved in the conversations during the convention The account was brief, and it simply narrates the story in the Tejeros Convention based on his memoirs and actual experience. It is somehow bland due to the lack of adjectives used to describe the situation. Contains limited expression of feelings aside from visible emotions that led to certain happenings to another like anger Specific Differences His narration immediately started with the convention in Tejeros. According to Santiago Alvarez, the Tejeros Convention convened on March 25, 1897 He did not mention the events that lead to the assembly. He mentioned where the meeting took place but did not describe it as much as Agoncillo did on his account. Conflicts that arose during the convention were discussed, as well as how the attendees dealt with them. He cited that the author, General Santiago Álvarez himself, ordered Antonio Montenegro's capture after the two got into a heated discussion. Six (6) available positions were enumerated for the election of the officials. The account lacks the names of the nominees mentioned in Agoncillo’s account. Specified that it was General Santiago Álvarez himself who disapproved of General Artemio Ricarte’s refusal to accept the position of Captain-General of the new government

• • • •

• •

•

•

• •

•

• •

of Bonifacio presented in the later parts of the text. It was written based on other accounts acquired from different sources and not from personal experience. Contains fewer conversations It is wordy as most events were described using flowery words and figures of speech. The account emphasized Bonifacio's emotions as it described what and how he thought about a pa...