Teknik Dasar Pekerjaan Laboratorium Kimia PDF

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i KATA PENGANTAR Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan,...

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Teknik Dasar Pekerjaan Laboratorium Kimia Ayhu Sagita

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Kelas10 t eknik dasar pekerjaan laborat orium kimia jefri naldi T EKNIK DASAR PEKERJAAN LABOART ORIUM KIMIA XSept i Dwiant i Laporan PKL hardiyant i hendrik

i

KATA PENGANTAR

Kurikulum 2013 dirancang untuk memperkuat kompetensi siswa dari sisi sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan secara utuh. Keutuhan tersebut menjadi dasar dalam perumusan kompetensi dasar tiap mata pelajaran mencakup kompetensi dasar kelompok sikap, kompetensi dasar kelompok pengetahuan, dan kompetensi dasar kelompok keterampilan. Semua mata pelajaran dirancang mengikuti rumusan tersebut. Pembelajaran kelas X dan XI jenjang Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruhan yang disajikan dalam buku ini juga tunduk pada ketentuan tersebut. Buku siswa ini diberisi materi pembelajaran yang membekali peserta didik dengan pengetahuan, keterapilan dalam menyajikan pengetahuan yang dikuasai secara kongkrit dan abstrak, dan sikap sebagai makhluk yang mensyukuri anugerah alam semesta yang dikaruniakan kepadanya melalui pemanfaatan yang bertanggung jawab. Buku ini menjabarkan usaha minimal yang harus dilakukan siswa untuk mencapai kompetensi yang diharuskan. Sesuai dengan pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kurikulum 2013, siswa diberanikan untuk mencari dari sumber belajar lain yang tersedia dan terbentang luas di sekitarnya. Peran guru sangat penting untuk meningkatkan dan menyesuaikan daya serp siswa dengan ketersediaan kegiatan buku ini. Guru dapat memperkayanya dengan kreasi dalam bentuk kegiatan-kegiatan lain yang sesuai dan relevan yang bersumber dari lingkungan sosial dan alam. Buku ini sangat terbuka dan terus dilakukan perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Untuk itu, kami mengundang para pembaca memberikan kritik, saran, dan masukan untuk perbaikan dan penyempurnaan. Atas kontribusi tersebut, kami ucapkan terima kasih. Mudah-mudahan kita dapat memberikan yang terbaik bagi kemajuan dunia pendidikan dalam rangka mempersiapkan generasi seratus tahun Indonesia Merdeka (2045) ii

DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................................................................... ii DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................................................................. iii DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................................................... vii DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................................................................... x PETA KEDUDUKAN BUKU TEKS BAHAN AJAR .............................................................................. xi GLOSARIUM ............................................................................................................................................... xii I.

PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................................................. 1 A.

Deskripsi ....................................................................................................................................... 1

B.

Prasyarat....................................................................................................................................... 1

C.

Petunjuk Penggunaan .............................................................................................................. 1

D. Tujuan Akhir................................................................................................................................ 3 E.

KOMPETENSI INTI DAN KOMPETENSI DASAR ............................................................. 4

F.

CEK KEMAMPUAN AWAL ...................................................................................................... 7

II. PEMBELAJARAN .............................................................................................................................. 10 Kegiatan Pembelajaran 1: Teknik Penimbangan dengan Neraca Analitik .................... 10 A.

Deskripsi .................................................................................................................................... 10

B.

Kegiatan Belajar ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.

Tujuan Pembelajaran ....................................................................................................... 10

2.

Uraian Materi ....................................................................................................................... 11 a.

Prinsip Timbangan ........................................................................................................ 11

b.

Jenis Dan Fungsi Timbangan .................................................................................... 14

c.

Perawatan dan Kalibrasi Neraca Analitik ............................................................ 30 iii

d.

Teknik Penggunaan Neraca ...................................................................................... 34

e.

Validasi Alat Timbangan ............................................................................................. 37

3.

Refleksi ................................................................................................................................... 44

4.

Tugas/Lembar Kerja ......................................................................................................... 45

5.

Tes Formatif ......................................................................................................................... 48

C.

Penilaian .................................................................................................................................... 49 1.

Sikap ........................................................................................................................................ 49

2.

Pengetahuan ........................................................................................................................ 50

3.

Keterampilan ....................................................................................................................... 53

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 2. Penanganan Limbah B3 dan Non B3 ....................................... 56 A.

Deskripsi .................................................................................................................................... 56

B.

Kegiatan Belajar ...................................................................................................................... 56 1.

Tujuan Pembelajaran ....................................................................................................... 56

2.

Uraian Materi ....................................................................................................................... 57 a.

Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3)...................................................... 57

b.

Limbah Non Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (Non B3)................................... 91

3.

Refleksi .................................................................................................................................140

4.

Tugas/Lembar kerja .......................................................................................................141

5.

Tes Formatif .......................................................................................................................149

C.

Penilaian ..................................................................................................................................150 1.

Sikap ......................................................................................................................................150

2.

Pengetahuan ......................................................................................................................151

3.

Keterampilan .....................................................................................................................151

iv

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 3. Analisis Titimetri Secara Sederhana ...................................154 A.

Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................154

B.

Kegiatan Belajar ....................................................................................................................154 1.

Tujuan Pembelajaran .....................................................................................................154

2.

Uraian Materi .....................................................................................................................154 a.

Prinsip Titimetri...........................................................................................................155

b.

Persyaratan Reaksi Titrasi .......................................................................................156

c.

Penggolongan Titimetri.............................................................................................157

d.

Cara Pelaksanaan Titrasi ..........................................................................................169

e.

Alat Ukur yang digunakan Analisis Titrimetri..................................................170

f.

Membersihkan Alat-Alat Titrimetri ......................................................................178

g.

Kalibrasi Alat-Alat Ukur Titimetri .........................................................................179

h.

Perhitungan dalam Analisis Titimetri .................................................................185

i.

Cara Menghitung Kadar ............................................................................................189

j.

Larutan Standar............................................................................................................190

k.

Pembuatan Larutan Baku dan Standardisasi....................................................192

l.

Perbandingan Cara-Cara Titrasi dan Gravimetri (Pengendapan) ............193

3.

Refleksi .................................................................................................................................195

4.

Tugas/Lembar Kerja .......................................................................................................196

5.

Tes formatif ........................................................................................................................200

C.

Penilaian ..................................................................................................................................203 1.

Sikap ......................................................................................................................................203

2.

Pengetahuan ......................................................................................................................204

3.

Keterampilan .....................................................................................................................204 v

Kegiatan Pembelajaran 4 : Analisis Gravimetri Secara Sederhana ................................207 A.

Deskripsi ..................................................................................................................................207

B.

Kegiatan Belajar ....................................................................................................................207 1.

Tujuan Pembelajaran .....................................................................................................207

2.

Uraian Materi .....................................................................................................................207 Penilaian Analisis Secara Gravimetri ...................................................................209

b.

Sumber-sumber kesalahan analisis gravimetri ...............................................210

c.

Macam-macam Metode Gravimetri ......................................................................211

d.

Langkah-langkah Analisis Gravimetri .................................................................218

e.

Alat-Alat yang Digunakan Analisis Gravimetri.................................................240

3.

Refleksi .................................................................................................................................244

4.

Tugas/lembar kerja.........................................................................................................245

5.

Tes Formatif .......................................................................................................................252

C.

III.

a.

Penilaian ..................................................................................................................................253 1.

Sikap ......................................................................................................................................253

2.

Pengetahuan ......................................................................................................................254

3.

Keterampilan .....................................................................................................................254

PENUTUP .....................................................................................................................................257

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................................258

vi

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 1. Kilogram standar No.20................................................................................................... 16 Gambar 2. Neraca Satu Piring - Tiga Lengan ................................................................................. 18 Gambar 3. Bagian-bagian Timbangan .............................................................................................. 20 Gambar 4. Neraca dua piring ............................................................................................................... 23 Gambar 5. Neraca Analitik Digital ..................................................................................................... 27 Gambar 6. Posisi A dan C menimbulkan kesalahan paralaks,

posisi B

yang benar. ................................................................................................................................................. 41 Gambar 7Identifikasi Limbah B3 ....................................................................................................... 61 Gambar 8. Tanda/Label pada Limbah B3 yang Mudah Meledak .......................................... 62 Gambar 9. Tanda/Label pada Limbah B3 yang Mudah Terbakar ......................................... 64 Gambar 10. Tanda/Label pada Limbah B3 Reaktif..................................................................... 66 Gambar 11. Tanda/Label pada Limbah B3 Beracun ................................................................. 68 Gambar 12. Tanda/Label pada Limbah B3 Infeksius ............................................................... 70 Gambar 13Alur proses pengolahan limbah B3 ............................................................................ 81 Gambar 14. Secured Landfill ............................................................................................................... 85 Gambar 15Deep Injec .............................................................................................................................. 87 Gambar 16. Incineration ........................................................................................................................ 90 Gambar 17. Sistem pengelolaan sampah ....................................................................................... 92 Gambar 18. Kerusakan Lingkungan Akibat Sampah ................................................................. 94 Gambar 19. Sanitary Landfill ............................................................................................................... 95 Gambar 20. Open dumping ................................................................................................................... 96 Gambar 21. Diagram transmisi kuman ........................................................................................... 97 Gambar 22. Sampah organik ............................................................................................................... 98 Gambar 23. Sampah non-organik ...................................................................................................... 99 Gambar 24. Sampah kaleng...............................................................................................................102 Gambar 25. Sampah Styrofoam ........................................................................................................103 Gambar 26. Sampah kertas ................................................................................................................104 vii

Gambar 27. Bahan berbahaya dan beracun.................................................................................105 Gambar 28. Proses pemilahan sampah .........................................................................................112 Gambar 29. Pemilahan sampah ........................................................................................................114 Gambar 30. Pemilahan sampah oleh petugas .............................................................................114 Gambar 31. Pola penanganan sampah di TPS.............................................................................115 Gambar 32. Alur proses pengomposan .........................................................................................118 Gambar 33. Takakura (kiri) dan Bambookura (kanan) .........................................................122 Gambar 34. Komposting Doskura ...................................................................................................123 Gambar 35. Komposting dengan Ember Berlubang .................................................................124 Gambar 36. Pengomposan menggunakan gentong ..................................................................125 Gambar 37. Composting dengan drum .............................................