Territoria, pagi and vici in Pannonia PDF

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Studia Epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy Antiquitas Reihe 1 Abhandlungen zur Alten Geschichte begründet von Andreas Alföldi herausgegeben von Géza Alföldy (†), Frank Kolb und Winfried Schmitz Band 61 Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH · Bonn 2013 Studia Epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy herausgegeben von ...

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Studia Epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy

Antiquitas Reihe 1

Abhandlungen zur Alten Geschichte begründet von Andreas Alföldi herausgegeben von Géza Alföldy (†), Frank Kolb und Winfried Schmitz

Band 61

Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH · Bonn 2013

Studia Epigraphica in memoriam Géza Alföldy

herausgegeben von

Werner Eck, Bence Fehér und Péter Kovács

Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH · Bonn 2013

Frontispiz: Carme Badia, Instituto Catalán de Arqueología Clásica ISBN 978-3-7749-3866-3 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie. Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über abrufbar. Copyright 2013 by Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn

Géza Alföldy in Tarragona 2011

VII INHALT Vorwort ABASCAL, Juan Manuel: Dos cuestiones topográficas del conventus Carthaginiensis para CIL II²: Egelesta y el trifinium provincial de Hispania BEUTLER, Franziska: Die zwei Amphitheater von Carnuntum und deren Datierung BIRLEY, Anthony: The Emperor Marcus Aurelius and the Sarmatians BORHY László: Amphitheatralia Pannonica I. Die sog. Bauinschrift des Militäramphitheaters von Aquincum CHANIOTIS, Angelos: Hadrian, Diktynna, the Cretan Koinon, and the roads of Crete. A new milestone from Faneromeni (Crete) ECK, Werner: Die Fasti consulares der Regierungszeit des Antoninus Pius. Eine Bestandsaufnahme seit Géza Alföldys Konsulat und Senatorenstand. FEHÉR Bence: Characteristics of Handwriting in the Inscriptions of Aquincum KOLB, Anne: Das severische Kaiserhaus in Solothurn? KOVÁCS Péter: Géza Alföldy und CIL III2. Auch ein Beitrag zum Thema: Géza Alföldy und Ungarn KOVÁCS Péter: Territoria, pagi and vici in Pannonia MAYER, Marc: Contribución al estudio de la epigrafía de Pollentia (Alcúdia, Mallorca). Sobre HEp 2, 1990, 62 MITTHOF, Fritz: Überteuerter Weizen und private Munifizenz: Bemerkungen zu zwei Weihungen aus Thuburnica und verwandten Inschriften MRÁV Zsolt: Septimius Severus and the cities of the middle Danubian provinces MROZEWICZ, Leszek: Municipium Cillitanum. Des études sur l’urbanisation flavienne de l’Afrique du Nord NÉMETH Margit: Andenken eines Kaiserbesuches in Aquincum PEACHIN, Michael: Augustus’ Res Gestae and the Emerging Principate PISO, Ioan: Die Inschrift von Albertirsa PROHÁSZKA Péter: Einige römische Inschriften aus Siscia (Sisak, Kroatien) nach einem Brief des Kaufmanns Paul Bitroff ŠAŠEL-KOS, Marjeta: Ananca: Greek Ananke worshipped at Doclea (Dalmatia) SCHMIDT, Manfred G.: Inscriptiones Berolinenses Latinae SOLIN, Heikki: Zu pompejanischen Wandinschriften

VII

1 19 39 51 59

69 91 117 123 131 155

163 205 241 249 255 277 285 295 307 327

VIII SZABÓ Ádám: Iuppiter Optimus Maximus. Zwei neue Altäre aus Pannonien VISY Zsolt: Beneficiarii auf Inschriften von Intercisa. Die Frage einer Benefiziarierstation von Intercisa WEBER, Ekkehard: Ein magister navaliorum in Carnuntum ZERBINI, Livio: Echi delle guerre marcomanniche e della peste antonina nelle testimonianze epigrafiche della Dacia romana Index der Personennamen (VAJNER, Balázs) Index der geographischen Namen (VAJNER, Balázs)

351 359 377 383 391 397

131 TERRITORIA, PAGI AND VICI IN PANNONIA PÉTER KOVÁCS One of the most important areas of Roman provincial archaeology is research on the territoria. Besides archaeological excavations of cities in several provinces research on villas, larger estates and villages has come recently into prominence, even in our region where after the fall of the communism several large-scale rescue-excavations have been carried out. During these excavations the number of known villas or villages has been multiplied. Unfortunately, the same does not apply to the epigraphic sources. All the same, during the work on the new CIL III2 Pannonia volume several new finds have been published in recent years. In my paper I intend to summarize our knowledge on the epigraphy of the territoria in Pannonia.1 First, I must deal briefly with the municipalization of the region from the age of Augustus to the end of the second century; next I focus my attention on the smaller territorial units, based on origo inscriptions of soldiers mainly from Rome, and boundary stones. I shall deal separately with the question of the native civitates and the canabae – military vici.

The municipalization of Pannonia and the Danubian provinces As the ancient literary sources mention the towns in Illyricum only occasionally (i. e. mostly because of imperial visits or campaigns, except in the case Sirmium as imperial centre in the late Roman period2) the question can only be studied based on the basis of epigraphic material, viz. the imperial names (‘Kaiserbeiname’) and the tribus and the pseudotribus of towns.3 The municipalization in Pannonia and in the whole region followed the ‘normal’ path, as was usually the case, except for the cities along the coast of Dalmatia and those in Dacia where the native Dacian population was wiped out or expelled and besides the veterans new settlers came ex toto orbe Romano, as Eutropius stated (VIII.6).4 In the case of Pannonia (Fig. 1), 1 On the early history of the region see Mócsy 1974. Thanks to Anthony Birley for improving the English text. 2 M. Mirković, Sirmium – its history from the I. century A. D. to 582 A. D. In: Sirmium I. Beograd 1971, 5-59. 3 B. Galsterer-Kröll: Untersuchungen zu den Beinamen der Städte des Imperium Romanum. ES 9, 1972, 44-145, G. Forni, Die römischen Tribus in Pannonien. Carnuntum Jahrbuch 2, 1956, 13-22 = id., Le tribù romane IV. Scripta minora. Roma 2006, 7-21, G. Forni, Le tribù romane III,1. Le pseudo-tribù. Roma 1985. 4 On the towns in Illyricum and Pannonia see summarily Vittinghoff 1977, Mócsy 1962, 599-604, and the detailed studies in Autonomous towns I and II. On the heavily disputed status of Gorsium: Alföldy 1997, Fishwick 2000.

132 after the foundation of the province a new veteran colony was founded at Emona at the beginning of Tiberius’ reign (cp. the building inscriptions of the town walls: AIJ 170a-b) together with the oppidum Scarbantia Iulia (attested only by Pliny Nat. hist. III.146), i. e. a municipium that later was re-founded.5 The next veteran colony, Savaria, was founded under Claudius for the veterans of legio XV Apollinaris at Carnuntum: one is mentioned as deduct(us) c(oloniam) C(laudiam) S(avariam): RIU 145, another as deducticius: RIU 149. Under Vespasian new coloniae (Sirmium and Siscia along the river Save) were founded for men of the Ravenna fleet, as the text of several military diplomas from the year 71 shows: deducti in Pannoniam: CIL XVI 14, RMD 205, AÉp 2004, 1282. At the very end of the century a new veteran colony, Poetovio, followed under Trajan (CIL III 4057: deduct(us) c(oloniam) U(lpiam) T(raianam) P(oetovionensem) mission(e) agr(aria)) and after the division of Pannonia in 106 AD the last veteran colony, Mursa, founded under Hadrian in the 130s for veterans of legio II adiutrix (cp. the building inscription CIL III 3280 = 10261). In southern Pannonia, i. e. in the land of the Pannonians, several civitates peregrinae were so Romanized with Roman and Latin citizens under the Flavii that civitas centres were elevated to the rank of municipia, as in the case of the Latobici (Neviodunum / Municipium Latobicorum) or Iasi (Aquae Balisae / Municipium Iasorum) or Varciani (Andautonia). The nuclei of later settlements in the interior, especially in northern Pannonia, developed from military vici along the important roads. These settlements survived the withdrawal of the military units and it seems that several of them became municipia under Hadrian (Salla along the Amber road, Mogetiana along the road Savaria-Aquincum or Mursella along the road SavariaArrabona).6 Another way of development can be observed in the limes region in the Danubian provinces too, where beside the legionary fortresses in most cases a nucleus of a civilian settlement, a vicus was founded extra leugam, that was later elevated to the rank of a municipium.7 On the other hand, around the fortresses military towns, the canabae, developed (see below). In Pannonia the civilian vici where the seats of the legates were placed i. e. Carnuntum and Aquincum, became municipia already under Hadrian, and titular colonies under Septimius Severus. Brigetio and most probably Vindobona were later elevated to the rank of municipium, Brigetio probably under Septimius Severus (based on the RIU 773 building inscription of an Augustalis of Brigetio before 205 A. D.). It must also be mentioned that in the Danubian provinces there are several exceptional cases where there were no civilian nuclei and the canabae were privileged, as Singidunum in Moesia superior or Potaissa and Porolissum in Dacia. The canabae could have also been privileged and two different towns existed next to each other as in the case of 5

Kovács 2002. On the early forts under Tiberius here see F. Redő, Municipium Aelium Salla. In: Autonomous towns I, 191-235, M. Nagy, Mogetiana. In: Autonomous towns II, 75-83, Kovács 2003, E. Szőnyi, Mursella. In: Autonomous towns II, 85-98. 7 See Mócsy 1953, Piso 1991, Kovács 2000. 6

133 Apulum a colony and a municipium.8 No similar situation occurs in Pannonia. During the 3rd century (some of them only in the second half of the century) several earlier municipia became titular colonies too, as Brigetio (only one single inscription mentions the town as a colonia [CIL III 4355]) or Cibalae and Bassiana in the south. Sopianae, an earlier important road junction station (between Sirmium and Aquincum, Brigetio, Arrabona, Savaria) became a Roman town probably under Gallienus (its status is uncertain).9 The municipalization of the province ended most probably under Hadrian and no peregrine civitas survived his reign (see below). If the tribal centre was a military fort/vicus as Cornacum/Sotin in the case of the Cornacates the territory of the civitas became part of the nearest town (in this case Cibalae). It seems that each Roman town had a peregrine predecessor, and the larger civitates such as the civitas Boiorum were divided into several parts (more than three).

The Pannonian civitates and towns Civitas

Town

‘Kaiserbeiname’

c. Amantinorum

Sirmium

Flavia

c. Andizetum Mursa (col.)

c. Azaliorum Brigetio (mun.)

8

Ael.

Tribus/   Source Pseudo-­‐ tribus Flav. / Quir. RIU 1419, CIL III 3230, 3243, 3320, 3685 = 10249, 7429, 12739, VI 3184, 31140, 31146, 32624, 37184, X 3575,AÉp 1934, 178, 1993, 335, 1994, 1390, 1443, ILJ 2960, Tit. Aq. 532, 600, RIB 3080 Ael. / Serg. Steph. Byz. 458.6, CIL III 3279-3280 = 10261, 3288, 3560, 10305, 15141, 15145, VI 3214, 3235, 32542, 32640, 37184, XVI 151, AÉp 1948, 68, ILJ 1060, 3095, 3102, 3108 Ant. CIL III 3355, 4281, 4294, 4322, 4323, 4330, 4334, 4336, 4338, 10388, 10534,

Cp. Piso 1991, Kovács 2000 and 2001. J. Fitz, La Pannonie sous Gallien. Collection Latomus Vol. 148. Bruxelles 1976, 41-62, Nagy T., Sopianae. Egy új városmonográfia margójára. AntTan 33, 1987-1988, 239-240. 9

134

(col.) c. Azaliorum Mogetiana Ael. (mun.) c. Azaliorum Mogiones c. Belgitum? Volgum

c. Belgitum / Salla Arabiatum c. Boiorum Vindobona

Ael. / Sergia Ael.

Ael.

11007, RIU 521, 568, 573, 601, 674, TRH 27, 96, AÉp 2006, 1047, 1049 CIL III 4355 CIL VI 32623-32624, RIU 660, ZPE 174, 2010, 284285 Nr. 9 RMD 303 RIU 1244, 1253, AÉp 1979, 472, cp. Kovács 2003, 296 Anm. 153 ILJ 1048, TRH 52

CIL III 1665, 4557, VI 41105, VIII 15583, ICUR 25130 (cf. I. Piso, Tyche 6, 1991, 171-177) c. Boiorum Scarbantia Iul. / Flav. Plin. Nat. hist. III.146, RIU (mun.) (Aug.) 134, 174, 196, ILS 8507 c. Boiorum Savaria Claudia Claudia CIL III 1221, 4070, 4154, (col.) (Aug.) 4156, 4183, 4191, 4194, 4416, 11223, V 943, 1011, VI 2710, 3272, 3276, 3287, 3300, 32624, 32640, 32830, 37206, IX 1095, XIII 6646, 8772, AÉp 1953, 93, 1973, 33, 1992, 1431, 1993, 334, 337, ILJ 1169, RIU 52, 99, 136, 139, 139, TRH 3, 83, IGLS 1375 c. Boiorum Carnuntum Ael. Ael. / Serg. CIL III 4495, 4554, 11019, (mun.) 143592, VI 32640, VIII 2675, XI 6358, XIII 8620, AÉp 1934, 263, 1938, 167 CIL III 11255, VI 32623, (col.) S(eptimia) Sept. 32624, AÉp 1956, 47, 1983, A(urelia) 776 = 1992, 1431 A(ntoniniana) c. Boiorum Mursella CIL III 4490, RIU 372 (mun.) c. Breucorum mun. ILJ 1048 Spodent (- - -)

135 c. Siscianorum c. Colapianorum

Siscia

c. Cornacatum Cibalae (mun.) (col.)

c. Eraviscorum Aquincum (mun.) (col.)

Flavia

Flav. / Quir. RIU 20, CIL III 3951, 4471, 11029, VI 2644, 2689, 3180, 32523, 32624, 32640, 32628, VIII 9761, XIII (falsely: Aelia CIL VI 32533b) Sept. (Aug.) Septimia CIL III 4193, XIII 8035 CIL VI 32542, CIL III 3267 Aurelia

Ael.

Septimia

c. Hercuniatum Iovia c. Iasorum Aquae Balisae / m. Iasorum c. Latobicorum Neviodunum Flavia / mun. Latobicorum c. Oseriatum Mun. Faustinianum? c. ScordiBassiana scorum (mun.) (col.)

c. Serretum

Poetovio (col.)

Ulpia Traiana

CIL III 14038, VIII 2826, ILJ 1054, AÉp 1980, 724725, RMD 312 Ael. / Serg. CIL III 10305, 10377, 10398, 143416, AÉp 2003, 1408, 1445-1446, Tit. Aq. 180 CIL VI 1057-1058, 3431, Ael. Sept. AÉp 1954, 77, TRH 70, Tit. Aq. 7, 237 ? CIL III 4000, VI 3297, AIJ 586-587, ILJ 1132 Flav. / Quir. CIL III 3919, 3925, VI 32671 CIL III 3974, VI 2494a, 3241 ILJ 1048

Ulp. / Pap.

c. Serapillorum Iovia? c. Varciano- Andautonia rum

Quir.

CIL III 3336, 64704 = 10197, 10203, 10205-10207, 15135, AÉp 2005, 1240 CIL III 4015, 4022, 4050, 4057, 4067-4069, 4101, 5427, 6700, 6761, 7429, VI 2579, 18878, 32640, 37184, AIJ 279, 312, AÉp 2000, 1189 Civitas: It. Burd. 561.10, cf. CIL III 10891 = AIJ464 CIL III 3679, 4008, 4010, 4011

136 ?

Sopianae

as oppidum: Amm. Marc. XXVIII.1.5

The division of the territoria: territorium (regio) – pagus – vicus Besides the extra-territorial imperial properties (imperial and sometimes other larger private estates) – saltus and mine districts: cp. Front. De contr. agr. II 53, 2-15 (see below) the provinces were divided into the territoria of the municipalities (coloniae or municipia) and civitates peregrinae: Front. De contr. agr. 35,13-36, at si ad provincias respiciamus, habent agros colonicos Italici iuris, habent et colonicos qui sunt immunes, habent et colonicos stipendarios. Habent autem provinciae municipales agros aut civitatium peregrinarum. Submunicipal territorial units, settlements in the territorium of a municipality or a civitas peregrina were the vici, castella and the pagi that were not dignified by the name of a civitas (Isid. Etym. XV.2.11 vici et castella et pagi hi sunt qui nulla dignitate civitatis ornantur, sed vulgari hominum conventu incoluntur, et propter parvitatem sui maioribus civitatibus adtribuuntur).10 The home-town of the vicani was the res publica to which the vicus belonged (Ulp. Dig. 50.1.30: Qui ex vico ortus est, eam patriam intellegitur habere, cui rei publicae vicus ille respondet). The private estates (fundi) were identified also on the basis of the territorium and pagus to which they belonged, as shown by the Digest (Ulpian. Dig. XV.15.4 nomen fundi cuiusque, in qua civitate et in quo pago sit) and the tabulae alimentationis: CIL XI 1147 and CIL IX 1455 = ILS 6509 with the division pertica – pagus – fundus (also with the adfines). The Pannonian subterritorial units (their full list can be found in the Addendum below) are mainly known from the origo of soldiers, because they were officially always conscripted vicatim: e.g. CIL VI 793, AÉp 1981, 134 milites … quorum nomina cum tribus et patriis duobus tabulis aereis incisa continentur, P. Berl. 11596R = BGU 1689 = ChLA X 422 [milites di]gesti per co(n)s(ules) et nationes et [patrias],11 Pap. Corp. 41, 12: in oppido quo quisque pago civis habitabat conscripsit milites (sc. Servius Tullius).12 These official provincia – territorium – pagus – vicus divisions appear in funerary texts of praetorians and other soldiers serving in Rome: e.g. natus ad Aquas Balizas pago Iovista vico Cocconetibus (CIL VI 3297), nat(ione) Pannonio, pede Sirmiense, pago Martio vico Budalia (CIL VI 32713 = ILS 2044), or Cibalis ex Pannonia

10

On the vici and pagi see summarily Th. Mommsen, RSt III, 112-120, 766, 792-799, A. Schulten, Die Landgemeinden im römischen Reiche. Philologus 53, 1894, 629-686, PWRE VIIIA (1958) 2090-2094, XVIII (1942) 2318-2339, M. Tarpin, Vici et pagi en Europe occidentale. Coll. E.F.R. 299. Rome 2002, M. Sommer, Vicus. In: RGA 32 (2006), 337-348. 11 Speidel 1986, 474. 12 Th. Mommsen, Ges. Schrift. VI. Berlin 1910, 42-49.

137 i[nf(eriore)] pago August(o) vico S[---] (CIL II 2 127a = RMD 312 = 194).13 On the other hand, in several funerary texts the full origo is not given. The legionary soldiers normally mentioned only their home-towns, the auxiliary soldiers gave the names of their tribes14 and there are cases where only the name of their province and/or the pagus or vicus are given, but the town is omitted: CIL VI 37225 natione Pannonica pago Traiani, AÉp 1914, 296 ex provincia Pannunia (!) vico Doecis. The pagus can also be omitted: CIL VI 3300 natione Pannoniae superiore C(laudia) Savari[a] vico Voleuci[o]nis. The same situation can be observed in military diplomas: in several cases instead of the tribal name (normally a civitas) or hometown only a vicus is given: e. g. RMD 204 Marsunnia (diploma of a fleet-soldier in 71 AD). Marsonia / Slavonski Brod was a settlement that was never privileged (it was a road-station and fort of the late Roman fleet) along the river Save: Ptol. Geog. II.14, Tab. Peut. Seg. IV, Not. Dig. Occ. XXXII.43, Rav. Geogr. IV.1915), CIL XVI 61 Aquin(co) (in the year 114), RMD 131 n(atione) Isaurus vico Calloso.16 It is interesting to study the status of Aquincum before Hadrian. The gravestone RIU 1256 from Intercisa mentions the place of death as follows: Senio … in c(ivitate) Er(aviscorum) in Acinco d(efunctus). That means that the Eraviscan died in the territory of the civitas, in Aquincum. Here, the same territorial division can be observed (civitas–vicus) as above. Based on this, the civilian settlement of Aquincum before gaining municipal rank under Hadrian was a vicus (probably not the civitas centre: see below) and part of the Eraviscan civitas.17 An altar dedicated to Terra Mater that was found at Budaörs (near Aquincum) was erected by a pagus and its at least four vici pro salute Augustorum (AÉp 2005, 1265). The altar clearly shows the sacred function of the pagi with the lustratio pagi (cp. CIL IX 1618: that is why the altar is dedicated to Terra Mater).18 It is more important that a large part of the pagus where the altar originally stood was uncovered and it perfectly shows how a late La Tène native Celtic settlement survived and developed under Roman rule.19 It is also worth mentioning that several times canabae or military vici were given as home-towns even in military diplomas, but the reason for this has to be looked for elsewhere (see below): e.g. CIL VI 3198 = 32783 natus in Pannonia inferiore domo Briget(i)one at legione(m) prima(m) at[i]utri(cem), CIL VI 2544 Castellum Vixillum (!), CIL VI 36351 territorium Arrabonensium, Tit. Aq. 503 13

Their list: Kolendo 1994 and Ricci 1993a-b and also see here below in the Addendum. Th. Mommsen, Ges. Schrift. VI. Berlin 1910, 41-94. 15 S. Soproni (Hrsg.), Tabula Imperii Romani L-34. Aquincum – Sarmizegetusa – Sirmium. Budapest 1968, 78. 16 Speidel, 1986, 467-481, M. M. Roxan, Settlements of veterans of the auxilia – a preliminary report. in: Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Oxford 1997, 483-491. 17 Nagy 1971, Kovács 1997-1998, 289. 18 Th. Mommsen, RSt III, 116-119, T. D. Stek, Cult places and cultural change in Republican Italy. A contextual approach to religious aspects of rural society after the Roman conquest, Amsterdam Archa...